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 <div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 3. A Tour of the Dart Libraries</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="ch03"></a>Chapter 3. A Tour of the Dart Libraries</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-dartcore---strings-collections-and-more">dart:core - Numbers, Collections, Strings, and More</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-numbers">Numbers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-strings-and-regular-expressions">Strings and Regular Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-collections">Collections</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-uri">URIs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-dates-and-times">Dates and Times</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-utility-interfaces">Utility Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-exceptions">Exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-asynchronous-programming">dart:async - Asynchronous Programming</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-future-example">Using Future and Completer</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-future-error-handling">Error Handling with Futures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-chaining-multiple-async-methods">Chaining Multiple Asynchronous Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-waiting-for-multiple-futures">Waiting for Multiple Futures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-more-information-9">More Information</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-dart-math">dart:math - Math and Random</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-trigonometry">Trigonometry</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-maximum-and-minimum">Maximum and Minimum</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-math-constants">Math Constants</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-random-numbers">Random Numbers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-more-information-7">More Information</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-dart-html-using-html5-apis">dart:html - Browser-Based Apps</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-manipulating-the-dom">Manipulating the DOM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-httprequest">Using HTTP Resources with HttpRequest</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-websockets">Sending and Receiving Real-Time Data with WebSockets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-more-information-html">More information</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-dartisolate---concurrency-with-isolates">dart:isolate - Concurrency with Isolates</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-isolate-concepts">Isolate Concepts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-using-isolates">Using Isolates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-more-information-11">More Information</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-dartio---file-and-socket-io-for-command-line-apps">dart:io - I/O for Command-Line Apps</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-files-and-directories">Files and Directories</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-io-http">HTTP Clients and Servers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-json">dart:json - Encoding and Decoding Objects</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-json-decoding">Decoding JSON</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-json-encoding">Encoding JSON</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-utf">dart:utf - Strings and Unicode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-utf-decode-utf8">Decoding UTF-8 Characters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-utf-encode-utf8">Encoding Strings to UTF-8 Bytes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-utf-other">Other Functionality</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-mirrors">dart:mirrors - Reflection</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-mirrors-symbols">Symbols</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-mirrors-introspection">Introspection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-mirrors-invocation">Invocation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ch03.html#ch03-summary">Summary</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>This chapter shows you how to use the major features in Dart’s
   libraries. It’s just an overview, and by no means comprehensive. Whenever
   you need more details about a class, consult the <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/" target="_top">Dart API reference. </a> Expect major
@@ skipping 69 matching lines @@
 // Get all the characters in the string as a list of UTF-16 code units.
 // Some characters might require two code units.
 var codeUnitList = 'Never odd or even'.codeUnits.toList();
 assert(codeUnitList[0] == 78);</pre></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ch03-converting-to-uppercase-or-lowercase"></a>Converting to uppercase or lowercase</h4></div></div></div><p>You can easily convert strings to their uppercase and lowercase
         variants:</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
 </span></em><em><span class="remark">ch03/string-tests.dart
 </span></em>// Convert to uppercase.
 assert('structured web apps'.toUpperCase() == 'STRUCTURED WEB APPS');
 
 // Convert to lowercase.
-assert('STRUCTURED WEB APPS'.toLowerCase() == 'structured web apps');</pre></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ch03-trimming-and-empty-strings"></a>Trimming and empty strings</h4></div></div></div><p>Remove all leading and trailing white space with
+assert('STRUCTURED WEB APPS'.toLowerCase() == 'structured web apps');</pre><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>These methods don't work for every language. For example, the
+          Turkish alphabet's dotless <span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span> is converted
+          incorrectly.</p></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ch03-trimming-and-empty-strings"></a>Trimming and empty strings</h4></div></div></div><p>Remove all leading and trailing white space with
         <code class="literal">trim()</code>. To check whether a string is empty (length
         is zero), use <code class="literal">isEmpty</code>.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
 </span></em><em><span class="remark">ch03/string-tests.dart
 </span></em>// Trim a string.
 assert('  hello  '.trim() == 'hello');
 
 // Check whether a string is empty.
 assert(''.isEmpty);
 
 // Strings with only white space are not empty.
@@ skipping 1318 matching lines @@
   assert(() {
     if (encoded.length != expected.length) return false;
     for (int i = 0; i &lt; encoded.length; i++) {
       if (encoded[i] != expected[i]) return false;
     }
     return true;
   });
 }</pre></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch03-utf-other"></a>Other Functionality</h3></div></div></div><p>The UTF library can decode and encode UTF-16 and UTF-32 bytes. The
       library can also convert directly to and from Unicode code points and
       UTF8-encoded bytes. For details, see the <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/utf.html" target="_top">API docs for the UTF
-      library.</a></p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="ch03-mirrors"></a>dart:mirrors - Reflection</h2></div></div></div><p>The mirrors library provides basic reflection abilities to Dart. Use mirrors
-      to query the structure of your program, and to dynamically invoke functions or
-      methods at runtime.</p><p>Mirrors can give you information about objects and classes inside the
-      current isolate, as well as in other (possibly remote) isolates. Therefore,
-      the mirrors library often has two versions of each method:
-      synchronous (for working inside the current isolate) and asynchronous
-      (for working with another isolate).
-      This section covers mirrors only as they apply to the
-      current isolate.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> Mirrors can also work on static source code.
-            For example, the dartdoc tool
-            (which generates HTML docs from Dart source code)
-            uses source-code mirrors.
-          </p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-symbols"></a>Symbols</h3></div></div></div><p>The mirror system represents the names of Dart declarations
-        (classes, fields, and so on) by instances of the class
-        <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_core/Symbol.html" target="_top">Symbol</a>.
-        Symbols help compilers like dart2js produce efficient output,
-        even when minified.</p><p>When you know the name of the symbol ahead of time,
-        use Symbol's const constructor.
-        This way, repeated uses of the same symbol can use the same
-        canonicalized instance.
-        If the name of the symbol is determined dynamically at runtime,
-        use the factory constructor.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+      library.</a></p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="ch03-mirrors"></a>dart:mirrors - Reflection</h2></div></div></div><p>The mirrors library provides basic reflection abilities to Dart. Use
+    mirrors to query the structure of your program, and to dynamically invoke
+    functions or methods at runtime.</p><p>Mirrors can give you information about objects and classes inside
+    the current isolate, as well as in other (possibly remote) isolates.
+    Therefore, the mirrors library often has two versions of each method:
+    synchronous (for working inside the current isolate) and asynchronous (for
+    working with another isolate). This section covers mirrors only as they
+    apply to the current isolate.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Mirrors can also work on static source code. For example, the
+      dartdoc tool (which generates HTML docs from Dart source code) uses
+      source-code mirrors.</p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-symbols"></a>Symbols</h3></div></div></div><p>The mirror system represents the names of Dart declarations
+      (classes, fields, and so on) by instances of the class <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_core/Symbol.html" target="_top">Symbol</a>.
+      Symbols help compilers like dart2js produce efficient output, even when
+      minified.</p><p>When you know the name of the symbol ahead of time, use Symbol's
+      const constructor. This way, repeated uses of the same symbol can use
+      the same canonicalized instance. If the name of the symbol is determined
+      dynamically at runtime, use the factory constructor.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
       </span></em>// If the symbol name is known at compile time.
 const className = const Symbol('MyClass');
 
 // If the symbol name is dynamically determined.
 var userInput = askUserForNameOfFunction();
-var functionName = new Symbol(userInput);</pre><p>During minification, a compiler might replace a Symbol name
-        with a different (often smaller) name.
-        To convert from a symbol back to a string, use
-        <code class="literal">MirrorSystem.getName()</code>. This function returns
-        the correct name, even if the code was minified.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+var functionName = new Symbol(userInput);</pre><p>During minification, a compiler might replace a Symbol name with a
+      different (often smaller) name. To convert from a symbol back to a
+      string, use <code class="literal">MirrorSystem.getName()</code>. This function
+      returns the correct name, even if the code was minified.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
       </span></em>import 'dart:mirrors';
 
 main() {
   const name = const Symbol('MyClass');
 
   assert('MyClass' == MirrorSystem.getName(name));
 }</pre></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-introspection"></a>Introspection</h3></div></div></div><p>Use mirrors to introspect the running program's structure. You can
-        inspect classes, libraries, instances, and more.</p><p>The examples in this section use the following Person class:</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+      inspect classes, libraries, instances, and more.</p><p>The examples in this section use the following Person
+      class:</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
       </span></em>class Person {
   String firstName;
   String lastName;
   int age;
   
   Person(this.firstName, this.lastName, this.age);
 
   String get fullName =&gt; '$firstName $lastName';
 
   void greet(String other) {
     print('Hello there, $other!');
   }
-}</pre><p>To begin, you
-        need to <span class="emphasis"><em>reflect</em></span> on a class or object to
-        get its <span class="emphasis"><em>mirror</em></span>.</p><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-class-inspect"></a>Class Mirrors</h4></div></div></div><p>Reflect on a Type to get its ClassMirror.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+}</pre><p>To begin, you need to <span class="emphasis"><em>reflect</em></span> on a class or
+      object to get its <span class="emphasis"><em>mirror</em></span>.</p><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-class-inspect"></a>Class Mirrors</h4></div></div></div><p>Reflect on a Type to get its ClassMirror.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
         </span></em>ClassMirror mirror = reflectClass(Person);
 
-assert('Person' == MirrorSystem.getName(mirror.simpleName));</pre><p>You can also call <code class="literal">runtimeType</code>
-          to get a Type from an instance.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+assert('Person' == MirrorSystem.getName(mirror.simpleName));</pre><p>You can also call <code class="literal">runtimeType</code> to get a Type
+        from an instance.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
         </span></em>var bob = new Person('Bob', 'Smith', 33);
 ClassMirror mirror = reflectClass(bob.runtimeType);
 
-assert('Person' == MirrorSystem.getName(mirror.simpleName));</pre><p>Once you have a ClassMirror, you can get a class's
-          constructors, fields, and more. Here is an example of listing
-          the constructors of a class.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+assert('Person' == MirrorSystem.getName(mirror.simpleName));</pre><p>Once you have a ClassMirror, you can get a class's constructors,
+        fields, and more. Here is an example of listing the constructors of a
+        class.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
         </span></em>showConstructors(ClassMirror mirror) {
   Map&lt;Symbol, MethodMirror&gt; constructors = mirror.constructors;
 
   constructors.forEach((s, m) {
     print('The constructor $s has ${m.parameters.length} parameters.');
   });
 }</pre><p>Here is an example of listing all of the fields declared by a
-          class.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+        class.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
         </span></em>showFields(ClassMirror mirror) {
   Map&lt;Symbol, VariableMirror&gt; fields = mirror.variables;
 
   fields.forEach((s, v) {
     var finalStatus = v.isFinal ? 'final' : 'not final';
     var privateStatus = v.isPrivate ? 'private' : 'not private';
     var typeAnnotation = v.type.simpleName;
 
     print('The field $s is $privateStatus and $finalStatus and is annotated '
           'as $typeAnnotation');
   });
-}</pre><p>For a full list of methods,
-          consult the <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_mirrors/ClassMirror.html" target="_top">API docs
-          for ClassMirror</a>.</p></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-instance-inspect"></a>Instance Mirrors</h4></div></div></div><p>Reflect on an object to get an InstanceMirror.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+}</pre><p>For a full list of methods, consult the <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_mirrors/ClassMirror.html" target="_top">API docs
+        for ClassMirror</a>.</p></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-instance-inspect"></a>Instance Mirrors</h4></div></div></div><p>Reflect on an object to get an InstanceMirror.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
         </span></em>reflectOnInstance() {
   var p = new Person('Bob', 'Smith', int);
   InstanceMirror mirror = reflect(p);
 }</pre><p>If you have an InstanceMirror and you want to get the object
-          that it reflects, use <code class="literal">reflectee</code>.
-          This works only if the current isolate knows about the type
-          of the reflectee. Remember, mirrors work across isolates, and one
-          isolate might contain a class that is not in the current
-          isolate.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
+        that it reflects, use <code class="literal">reflectee</code>. This works only if
+        the current isolate knows about the type of the reflectee. Remember,
+        mirrors work across isolates, and one isolate might contain a class
+        that is not in the current isolate.</p><pre class="screen"><em><span class="remark">lang-dart
         </span></em>  var person = mirror.reflectee;
-  assert(identical(p, person));</pre><p>Once you have an InstanceMirror, you can invoke methods and
-          call getters and setters.
-          For a full list of methods,
-          consult the <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_mirrors/InstanceMirror.html" target="_top">API docs
-          for InstanceMirror</a>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-invocation"></a>Invocation</h3></div></div></div><p>
-        {To be written}
-      </p><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="idp17910288"></a>get and set fields</h4></div></div></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="idp17911056"></a>invoke</h4></div></div></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="idp17911824"></a>delegate</h4></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="ch03-summary"></a>Summary</h2></div></div></div><p>This chapter introduced you to the most commonly used functionality
+  assert(identical(p, person));</pre><p>Once you have an InstanceMirror, you can invoke methods and call
+        getters and setters. For a full list of methods, consult the <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_mirrors/InstanceMirror.html" target="_top">API
+        docs for InstanceMirror</a>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ch03-mirrors-invocation"></a>Invocation</h3></div></div></div><p>{PENDING: To be written}</p><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="idp17920016"></a>get and set fields</h4></div></div></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="idp17920784"></a>invoke</h4></div></div></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="idp17921552"></a>delegate</h4></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="ch03-summary"></a>Summary</h2></div></div></div><p>This chapter introduced you to the most commonly used functionality
     in many of Dart’s built-in libraries. It didn’t cover all the built-in
     libraries, however. Other libraries you might want to look into include
     <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_collection.html" target="_top">dart:collection,</a>
     <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/dart_convert.html" target="_top">dart:convert,</a>
     <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/logging.html" target="_top">logging,</a> and
     <a class="ulink" href="http://api.dartlang.org/unittest.html" target="_top"><span class="keep-together">unittest</span>.</a> You can use the pub tool,
     discussed in the next chapter, to install additional Dart <span class="keep-together">libraries</span>.</p></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0"><div id="ftn.ch03-isolate-footnote-1" class="footnote"><p><a href="#ch03-isolate-footnote-1" class="para"><sup class="para">[2] </sup></a>The dart2js compiler and the Dart VM do not yet support
             static methods as isolate entry points. For details, see <a class="ulink" href="http://dartbug.com/3011" target="_top">http://dartbug.com/3011</a>.</p></div><div id="ftn.ch03-isolate-footnote-2" class="footnote"><p><a href="#ch03-isolate-footnote-2" class="para"><sup class="para">[3] </sup></a>Support for sending an arbitrary object to an isolate is not
             yet available when compiling to JavaScript.</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 2. A Tour of the Dart Language </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 4. Tools</td></tr></table></div>