Improve the implementation of atomic operations on Linux/ARM (including Android/ARM).

base/atomicops_internals_arm_gcc.h

+// Copyright (c) 2009 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// This file is an internal atomic implementation, use base/atomicops.h instead.
+//
+// LinuxKernelCmpxchg and Barrier_AtomicIncrement are from Google Gears.
+
+#ifndef BASE_ATOMICOPS_INTERNALS_ARM_GCC_H_
+#define BASE_ATOMICOPS_INTERNALS_ARM_GCC_H_
+
+namespace base {
+namespace subtle {
+
+// Memory barriers on ARM are funky, but the kernel is here to help:
+//
+// * ARMv5 didn't support SMP, there is no memory barrier instruction at
+//   all on this architecture, or when targeting its machine code.
+//
+// * Some ARMv6 CPUs support SMP. A full memory barrier can be produced by
+//   writing a random value to a very specific coprocessor register.
+//
+// * On ARMv7, the "dmb" instruction is used to perform a full memory
+//   barrier (though writing to the co-processor will still work).
+//   However, on single core devices (e.g. Nexus One, or Nexus S),
+//   this instruction will take up to 200 ns, which is huge, even though
+//   it's completely un-needed on these devices.
+//
+// * There is no easy way to determine at runtime if the device is
+//   single or multi-core. However, the kernel provides a useful helper
+//   function at a fixed memory address (0xffff0fa0), which will always
+//   perform a memory barrier in the most efficient way. I.e. on single
+//   core devices, this is an empty function that exits immediately.
+//   On multi-core devices, it implements a full memory barrier.
+//
+// * This source could be compiled to ARMv5 machine code that runs on a
+//   multi-core ARMv6 or ARMv7 device. In this case, memory barriers
+//   are needed for correct execution. Always call the kernel helper, even
+//   when targetting ARMv5TE.

[Mark Mentovai, 2013/06/05 16:46:41]

targeting :)

+//
+
+inline void MemoryBarrier() {
+  // Note: This is a function call, which is also an implicit compiler
+  // barrier.
+  typedef void (*KernelMemoryBarrierFunc)();
+  ((KernelMemoryBarrierFunc)0xffff0fa0)();
+}
+
+// An ARM toolchain would only define one of these depending on which
+// variant of the target architecture is being used. This tests against
+// any known ARMv6 or ARMv7 variant, where it is possible to directly
+// use ldrex/strex instructions to implement fast atomic operations.
+#if defined(__ARM_ARCH_7__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7A__) || \
+    defined(__ARM_ARCH_7R__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_7M__) || \
+    defined(__ARM_ARCH_6__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6J__) || \
+    defined(__ARM_ARCH_6K__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6Z__) || \
+    defined(__ARM_ARCH_6KZ__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_6T2__)
+
+inline Atomic32 NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                         Atomic32 old_value,
+                                         Atomic32 new_value) {
+  Atomic32 prev_value;
+  int reloop;
+  do {
+    // The following is equivalent to:
+    //
+    //   prev_value = LDREX(ptr)
+    //   reloop = 0
+    //   if (prev_value != old_value)
+    //      reloop = STREX(ptr, new_value)
+    __asm__ __volatile__("    ldrex %0, [%3]\n"
+                         "    mov %1, #0\n"
+                         "    teq %0, %4\n"
+#ifdef __thumb2__
+                         "    it eq\n"
+#endif
+                         "    strexeq %1, %5, [%3]\n"
+                         : "=&r"(prev_value), "=&r"(reloop), "+m"(*ptr)
+                         : "r"(ptr), "r"(old_value), "r"(new_value)
+                         : "cc", "memory");
+  } while (reloop != 0);
+  return prev_value;
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 Acquire_CompareAndSwap(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                       Atomic32 old_value,
+                                       Atomic32 new_value) {
+  Atomic32 result = NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap(ptr, old_value, new_value);
+  MemoryBarrier();
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 Release_CompareAndSwap(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                       Atomic32 old_value,
+                                       Atomic32 new_value) {
+  MemoryBarrier();
+  return NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap(ptr, old_value, new_value);
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 NoBarrier_AtomicIncrement(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                          Atomic32 increment) {
+  Atomic32 value;
+  int reloop;
+  do {
+    // Equivalent to:
+    //
+    //  value = LDREX(ptr)
+    //  value += increment
+    //  reloop = STREX(ptr, value)
+    //
+    __asm__ __volatile__("    ldrex %0, [%3]\n"
+                         "    add %0, %0, %4\n"
+                         "    strex %1, %0, [%3]\n"
+                         : "=&r"(value), "=&r"(reloop), "+m"(*ptr)
+                         : "r"(ptr), "r"(increment)
+                         : "cc", "memory");
+  } while (reloop);
+  return value;
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 Barrier_AtomicIncrement(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                        Atomic32 increment) {
+  // TODO(digit): Investigate if it's possible to implement this with
+  // a single MemoryBarrier() operation between the LDREX and STREX.
+  // See http://crbug.com/246514
+  MemoryBarrier();
+  Atomic32 result = NoBarrier_AtomicIncrement(ptr, increment);
+  MemoryBarrier();
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 NoBarrier_AtomicExchange(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                         Atomic32 new_value) {
+  Atomic32 old_value;
+  int reloop;
+  do {
+    // old_value = LDREX(ptr)
+    // fail = STREX(ptr, new_value)
+    __asm__ __volatile__("   ldrex %0, [%3]\n"
+                         "   strex %1, %4, [%3]\n"
+                         : "=&r"(old_value), "=&r"(reloop), "+m"(*ptr)
+                         : "r"(ptr), "r"(new_value)
+                         : "cc", "memory");
+  } while (reloop != 0);
+  return old_value;
+}
+
+// This tests against any known ARMv5 variant.
+#elif defined(__ARM_ARCH_5__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_5T__) || \
+      defined(__ARM_ARCH_5TE__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_5TEJ__)
+
+// The kernel also provides a helper function to perform an atomic
+// compare-and-swap operation at the hard-wired address 0xffff0fc0.
+// On ARMv5, this is implemented by a special code path that the kernel
+// detects and treats specially when thread pre-emption happens.
+// On ARMv6 and higher, it uses LDREX/STREX instructions instead.
+//
+// Note that this always perform a full memory barrier, there is no
+// need to add calls MemoryBarrier() before or after it. It also
+// returns 0 on success, and 1 on exit.
+//
+// Available and reliable since Linux 2.6.24. Both Android and ChromeOS
+// use newer kernel revisions, so this should not be a concern.
+namespace {
+
+inline int LinuxKernelCmpxchg(Atomic32 old_value,
+                              Atomic32 new_value,
+                              volatile Atomic32* ptr) {
+  typedef int (*KernelCmpxchgFunc)(Atomic32, Atomic32, volatile Atomic32*);
+  return ((KernelCmpxchgFunc)0xffff0fc0)(old_value, new_value, ptr);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+inline Atomic32 NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                         Atomic32 old_value,
+                                         Atomic32 new_value) {
+  Atomic32 prev_value;
+  for (;;) {
+    prev_value = *ptr;
+    if (prev_value != old_value)
+      return prev_value;
+    if (!LinuxKernelCmpxchg(old_value, new_value, ptr))
+      return old_value;
+  }
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 NoBarrier_AtomicExchange(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                         Atomic32 new_value) {
+  Atomic32 old_value;
+  do {
+    old_value = *ptr;
+  } while (LinuxKernelCmpxchg(old_value, new_value, ptr));
+  return old_value;
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 NoBarrier_AtomicIncrement(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                          Atomic32 increment) {
+  return Barrier_AtomicIncrement(ptr, increment);
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 Barrier_AtomicIncrement(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                        Atomic32 increment) {
+  for (;;) {
+    // Atomic exchange the old value with an incremented one.
+    Atomic32 old_value = *ptr;
+    Atomic32 new_value = old_value + increment;
+    if (!LinuxKernelCmpxchg(old_value, new_value, ptr)) {
+      // The exchange took place as expected.
+      return new_value;
+    }
+    // Otherwise, *ptr changed mid-loop and we need to retry.
+  }
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 Acquire_CompareAndSwap(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                       Atomic32 old_value,
+                                       Atomic32 new_value) {
+  Atomic32 prev_value;
+  for (;;) {
+    prev_value = *ptr;
+    if (prev_value != old_value) {
+      // Always ensure acquire semantics.
+      MemoryBarrier();
+      return prev_value;
+    }
+    if (!LinuxKernelCmpxchg(old_value, new_value, ptr))
+      return old_value;
+  }
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 Release_CompareAndSwap(volatile Atomic32* ptr,
+                                       Atomic32 old_value,
+                                       Atomic32 new_value) {
+  // Use NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap(), because its implementation
+  // ensures that all stores happen through the kernel helper
+  // which always implement a full barrier.
+  return NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap(ptr, old_value, new_value);
+}
+
+#else
+#  error "Your CPU's ARM architecture is not supported yet"
+#endif
+
+// NOTE: Atomicity of the following load and store operations is only
+// guaranteed in case of 32-bit alignement of |ptr| values.
+
+inline void NoBarrier_Store(volatile Atomic32* ptr, Atomic32 value) {
+  *ptr = value;
+}
+
+inline void Acquire_Store(volatile Atomic32* ptr, Atomic32 value) {
+  *ptr = value;
+  MemoryBarrier();
+}
+
+inline void Release_Store(volatile Atomic32* ptr, Atomic32 value) {
+  MemoryBarrier();
+  *ptr = value;
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 NoBarrier_Load(volatile const Atomic32* ptr) { return *ptr; }
+
+inline Atomic32 Acquire_Load(volatile const Atomic32* ptr) {
+  Atomic32 value = *ptr;
+  MemoryBarrier();
+  return value;
+}
+
+inline Atomic32 Release_Load(volatile const Atomic32* ptr) {
+  MemoryBarrier();
+  return *ptr;
+}
+
+}  // namespace base::subtle
+}  // namespace base
+
+#endif  // BASE_ATOMICOPS_INTERNALS_ARM_GCC_H_