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| ---- | 
| -title: "Glossary" | 
| ---- | 
| - | 
| -### Application package | 
| - | 
| -A package that is not intended to be used as a library. Application packages may | 
| -have [dependencies](#dependency) on other packages, but are never depended on | 
| -themselves. They are usually meant to be run directly, either on the command | 
| -line or in a browser. The opposite of an application package is a [library | 
| -package](#library-package). | 
| - | 
| -Application packages should check their [lockfiles](#lockfile) into source | 
| -control, so that everyone working on the application and every location the | 
| -application is deployed has a consistent set of dependencies. Because their | 
| -dependencies are constrained by the lockfile, application packages usually | 
| -specify `any` for their dependencies' [version | 
| -constraints](#version-constraint). | 
| - | 
| -### Asset | 
| - | 
| -<div class="learn-more"> | 
| -  <a href="/doc/assets-and-transformers.html"> | 
| -    Learn more about assets → | 
| -  </a> | 
| -</div> | 
| - | 
| -A resource—Dart, HTML, JavaScript, CSS, image, or anything | 
| -else—intended to be part of a deployed package. The package can be a web | 
| -app, a package used by a web app, or any other package that benefits from a | 
| -build step. Tools such as [`pub serve`](pub-serve.html) and [`pub build`](pub- | 
| -build.html) take _source_ assets (such as an HTML file, a CSS file, and | 
| -several Dart files) and produce _generated_ assets (such as the same HTML and | 
| -CSS files, plus a single JavaScript file). | 
| - | 
| -Assets fall into four groups, with some overlap: | 
| - | 
| -* Source asset: An actual, authored file on disk that `pub build` and | 
| -  `pub serve` can find and use. | 
| -* Generated asset: An asset (possibly the output of a | 
| -  [transformer](#transformer)) that's either served by `pub serve` or saved | 
| -  to disk by `pub build`. | 
| -* Input asset: An asset that is the input to a transformer. An input asset | 
| -  might be a source asset, or it might be the output of a transformer in a | 
| -  previous phase. | 
| -* Output asset: An asset that is created by a transformer. An output asset | 
| -  might be a generated asset, or it might be the input to a transformer in a | 
| -  later phase. | 
| - | 
| -### Dependency | 
| - | 
| -Another package that your package relies on. If your package wants to import | 
| -code from some other package, that package must be a dependency. Dependencies | 
| -are specified in your package's [pubspec](pubspec.html) and described | 
| -[here](dependencies.html). | 
| - | 
| -### Entrypoint | 
| - | 
| -"Entrypoint" is used to mean two things. In the general context of Dart, it is | 
| -a Dart library that is directly invoked by a Dart implementation. When you | 
| -reference a Dart library in a `<script>` tag or pass it as a command line | 
| -argument to the standalone Dart VM, that library is the entrypoint. In other | 
| -words, it's usually the `.dart` file that contains `main()`. | 
| - | 
| -In the context of pub, an "entrypoint package" or "root package" is the root | 
| -of a dependency graph. It will usually be an application. When you run your app, | 
| -it's the entrypoint package. Every other package it depends on will not be an | 
| -entrypoint in that context. | 
| - | 
| -A package can be an entrypoint in some contexts and not in others. Lets say your | 
| -app uses a library package A. When you run your app, A is not the entrypoint | 
| -package. However, if you go over to A and execute its unit tests, in that | 
| -context, it *is* the entrypoint since your app isn't involved. | 
| - | 
| -### Entrypoint directory | 
| - | 
| -A directory inside your package that is allowed to contain | 
| -[Dart entrypoints](#entrypoint). Pub will ensure all of these directories get | 
| -a "packages" directory, which is needed for "package:" imports to work. | 
| - | 
| -Pub has a whitelist of these directories: `benchmark`, `bin`, `example`, | 
| -`test`, `tool`, and `web`. Any subdirectories of those (except `bin`) may also | 
| -contain entrypoints. | 
| - | 
| -### Immediate dependency | 
| - | 
| -A [dependency](#dependency) that your package directly uses itself. The | 
| -dependencies you list in your pubspec are your package's immediate dependencies. | 
| -All other dependencies are [transitive dependencies](#transitive-dependency). | 
| - | 
| -### Library package | 
| - | 
| -A package that other packages will depend on. Library packages may have | 
| -[dependencies](#dependency) on other packages *and* may be dependencies | 
| -themselves. They may also include scripts that will be run directly. The | 
| -opposite of a library package is an [application package](#application-package). | 
| - | 
| -Library packages should not check their [lockfile](#lockfile) into source | 
| -control, since they should support a range of dependency versions. Their | 
| -[immediate dependencies](#immediate-dependency)' [version | 
| -constraints](#version-constraints) should be as wide as possible while still | 
| -ensuring that the dependencies will be compatible with the versions that were | 
| -tested against. | 
| - | 
| -Since [semantic versioning](http://semver.org) requires that libraries increment | 
| -their major version numbers for any backwards incompatible changes, library | 
| -packages will usually require their dependencies' versions to be greater than or | 
| -equal to the versions that were tested and less than the next major version. So | 
| -if your library depended on the (fictional) `transmogrify` package and you | 
| -tested it at version 1.2.1, your version constraint would be `">=1.2.1 <2.0.0"`. | 
| - | 
| -### Lockfile | 
| - | 
| -A file named `pubspec.lock` that specifies the concrete versions and other | 
| -identifying information for every immediate and transitive dependency a package | 
| -relies on. | 
| - | 
| -Unlike the pubspec, which only lists immediate dependencies and allows version | 
| -ranges, the lock file comprehensively pins down the entire dependency graph to | 
| -specific versions of packages. A lockfile ensures that you can recreate the | 
| -exact configuration of packages used by an application. | 
| - | 
| -The lockfile is generated automatically for you by pub when you run | 
| -[`pub get`](pub-get.html) or [`pub upgrade`](pub-upgrade.html). If your | 
| -package is an application package, you will typically check this into source | 
| -control. For library packages, you usually won't. | 
| - | 
| -### SDK constraint | 
| - | 
| -The declared versions of the Dart SDK itself that a package declares that it | 
| -supports. An SDK constraint is specified using normal | 
| -[version constraint](#version-constraint) syntax, but in a special "environment" | 
| -section [in the pubspec](pubspec.html#sdk-constraints). | 
| - | 
| -### Source | 
| - | 
| -A kind of place that pub can get packages from. A source isn't a specific place | 
| -like pub.dartlang.org or some specific Git URL. Each source describes a general | 
| -procedure for accessing a package in some way. For example, "git" is one source. | 
| -The git source knows how to download packages given a Git URL. There are a few | 
| -different [supported sources](dependencies.html#sources). | 
| - | 
| -### System cache | 
| - | 
| -When pub gets a remote package, it downloads it into a single "system cache" | 
| -directory maintained by pub. When it generates a "packages" directory for a | 
| -package, that only contains symlinks to the real packages in the system cache. | 
| -On Mac and Linux, this directory defaults to `~/.pub-cache`. On Windows, it | 
| -goes in `AppData\Roaming\Pub\Cache`. | 
| - | 
| -This means you only have to download a given version of a package once and can | 
| -then reuse it in as many packages as you would like. It also means you can | 
| -delete and regenerate your "packages" directory without having to access the | 
| -network. | 
| - | 
| -### Transformer | 
| - | 
| -<div class="learn-more"> | 
| -  <a href="/doc/assets-and-transformers.html"> | 
| -    Learn more about transformers → | 
| -  </a> | 
| -</div> | 
| - | 
| -A transformer is a Dart object that converts input [assets](#asset) (such as | 
| -Dart files or Polymer-formatted HTML) into output assets (such as JavaScript | 
| -and HTML). The [`pub build`](pub-build.html) command puts the generated assets | 
| -into files. The [`pub serve`](pub-serve.html) command, on the other hand, | 
| -doesn't produce files; its generated assets are served directly by the dev | 
| -server. | 
| - | 
| -### Transitive dependency | 
| - | 
| -A dependency that your package indirectly uses because one of its dependencies | 
| -requires it. If your package depends on A, which in turn depends on B which | 
| -depends on C, then A is an [immediate dependency](#immediate-dependency) and B | 
| -and C are transitive ones. | 
| - | 
| -### Uploader | 
| - | 
| -An uploader of a package is someone who has administrative permissions | 
| -for that package. They can not only upload new versions of a package, | 
| -but also [add and remove other uploaders](pub-uploader.html) for that | 
| -package. The uploader of a package is often, but not necessarily, the | 
| -same as the [author](pubspec.html#authorauthors) of a package. | 
| - | 
| -Anyone uploading a new package automatically becomes an uploader for | 
| -that package. Otherwise, to become an uploader, you need to contact an | 
| -existing uploader and ask them to add you as another uploader. | 
| - | 
| -### Version constraint | 
| - | 
| -<div class="learn-more"> | 
| -  <a href="/doc/dependencies.html#version-constraints"> | 
| -    Learn more about version constaints → | 
| -  </a> | 
| -</div> | 
| - | 
| -A constraint placed on each [dependency](#dependency) of a package that | 
| -specifies which versions of that dependency the package is expected to work | 
| -with. This can be a single version (e.g. `0.3.0`), a range of versions (e.g. | 
| -`">=1.2.1 <2.0.0"`), or `any` (or just empty) to specify that any version is | 
| -allowed. | 
| - | 
| -<div class="learn-more"> | 
| -  <a href="/doc/versioning.html"> | 
| -    Learn about pub's versioning philosophy → | 
| -  </a> | 
| -</div> | 
| - | 
| -[Library packages](#library-package) should always specify version constraints | 
| -for all of their dependencies, but [application packages](#application-package) | 
| -should usually allow any version of their dependencies, since they use the | 
| -[lockfile](#lockfile) to manage their dependency versions. | 
|  |