Cleaned up OpenGLUI samples and added Blasteroids.

samples/openglui/src/blasteroids.dart

+// A Dart port of Kevin Roast's Asteroids game.
+// http://www.kevs3d.co.uk/dev/asteroids
+// Used with permission, including the sound and bitmap assets.
+
+// This should really be multiple files but the embedder doesn't support
+// parts yet. I concatenated the parts in a somewhat random order.
+//
+// Note that Skia seems to have issues with the render compositing modes, so
+// explosions look a bit messy; they aren't transparent where they should be.
+//
+// Currently we use the accelerometer on the phone for direction and thrust.
+// This is hard to control and should probably be changed. The game is also a
+// bit janky on the phone.
+
+library asteroids;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

Consider breaking this file up - perhaps one file per class.

+
+import 'dart:math' as Math;
+import 'gl.dart';
+
+const RAD = Math.PI/180.0;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

Nit: spaces around arithmetic ops.

+const PI = Math.PI;
+const TWOPI = Math.PI*2;
+const ONEOPI = 1.0 / Math.PI;
+const PIO2 = Math.PI/2;
+const PIO4 = Math.PI/4;
+const PIO8 = Math.PI/8;
+const PIO16 = Math.PI/16;
+const PIO32 = Math.PI/32;
+
+var _rnd = new Math.Random();
+double random() => _rnd.nextDouble();
+int randomInt(int min, int max) => min + _rnd.nextInt(max - min + 1);
+
+class KEY {

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

KEY -> Key per style?

+  static const int SHIFT = 16;
+  static const int CTRL = 17;
+  static const int ESC = 27;
+  static const int RIGHT = 39;
+  static const int UP = 38;
+  static const int LEFT = 37;
+  static const int DOWN = 40;
+  static const int SPACE = 32;
+  static const int A = 65;
+  static const int E = 69;
+  static const int G = 71;
+  static const int L = 76;
+  static const int P = 80;
+  static const int R = 82;
+  static const int S = 83;
+  static const int Z = 90;
+}
+
+// Globals
+var DEBUG = {

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

const DEBUG or var debug

+  'enabled': false,
+  'invincible': false,
+  'collisionRadius': false,
+  'fps': true
+};
+
+var GLOWEFFECT = true;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

const or lowercase for these 3

+var GLOWSHADOWBLUR = 8;
+var SCOREDBKEY = "asteroids-score-1.1";
+
+var g_asteroidImgs = [];

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

'g_' -> '_' ?

+var g_shieldImg = new ImageElement();
+var g_backgroundImg = new ImageElement();
+var g_playerImg = new ImageElement();
+var g_enemyshipImg = new ImageElement();
+var soundManager;
+
+/** Asteroids colour constants */
+class Colours {

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

We've been using American spelling (Color) in the Dart libs.

+  static const PARTICLE = "rgb(255,125,50)";
+  static const ENEMY_SHIP = "rgb(200,200,250)";
+  static const ENEMY_SHIP_DARK = "rgb(150,150,200)";
+  static const GREEN_LASER = "rgb(120,255,120)";
+  static const GREEN_LASER_DARK = "rgb(50,255,50)";
+  static const GREEN_LASERX2 = "rgb(120,255,150)";
+  static const GREEN_LASERX2_DARK = "rgb(50,255,75)";
+  static const PLAYER_BOMB = "rgb(155,255,155)";
+  static const PLAYER_THRUST = "rgb(25,125,255)";
+  static const PLAYER_SHIELD = "rgb(100,100,255)";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Actor base class.
+ *
+ * Game actors have a position in the game world and a current vector to
+ * indicate direction and speed of travel per frame. They each support the
+ * onUpdate() and onRender() event methods, finally an actor has an expired()
+ * method which should return true when the actor object should be removed
+ * from play.
+ */
+class Actor {
+  Vector position, velocity;
+
+  Actor(this.position, this.velocity);
+
+  /**
+   * Actor game loop update event method. Called for each actor
+   * at the start of each game loop cycle.
+   */
+   onUpdate(Scene scene) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Actor rendering event method. Called for each actor to
+   * render for each frame.
+   */
+   void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Actor expiration test; return true if expired and to be removed
+   * from the actor list, false if still in play.
+   */
+   bool expired() => false;
+
+   get frameMultiplier => GameHandler.frameMultiplier;
+   get frameStart => GameHandler.frameStart;
+   get canvas_height => GameHandler.height;
+   get canvas_width => GameHandler.width;
+}
+
+// Short-lived actors (like particles and munitions). These have a
+// start time and lifespan, and fade out after a period.
+
+class ShortLivedActor extends Actor {
+  int lifespan;
+  int start;
+
+  ShortLivedActor(Vector position, Vector velocity,
+      this.lifespan)
+      : super(position, velocity),
+      this.start = GameHandler.frameStart;
+
+  bool expired() => (frameStart - start > lifespan);
+
+  /**
+   * Helper to return a value multiplied by the ratio of the remaining lifespan
+   */
+  double fadeValue(double val, int offset) {
+    var rem = lifespan - (frameStart - start),
+    result = val;
+    if (rem < offset) {
+      result = (val / offset) * rem;
+      result = Math.max(0.0, Math.min(result, val));
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+}
+
+class AttractorScene extends Scene {
+  AsteroidsMain game;
+
+  AttractorScene(this.game)
+      : super(false, null) {
+  }
+
+  bool start = false;
+  bool imagesLoaded = false;
+  double sine = 0.0;
+  double mult = 0.0;
+  double multIncrement = 0.0;
+  List actors = null;
+  int SCENE_LENGTH = 400;
+  int SCENE_FADE = 75;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

const or lowercase on these two.

+  List sceneRenderers = null;
+  int currentSceneRenderer = 0;
+  int currentSceneFrame = 0;
+
+  bool isComplete() => start;
+
+  void onInitScene() {
+    start = false;
+    mult = 512.0;
+    multIncrement = 0.5;
+    currentSceneRenderer = 0;
+    currentSceneFrame = 0;
+
+    // scene renderers
+    // display welcome text, info text and high scores
+    sceneRenderers = [
+        sceneRendererWelcome,
+        sceneRendererInfo,
+        sceneRendererScores ];
+
+    // randomly generate some background asteroids for attractor scene
+    actors = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      var pos = new Vector(random() * GameHandler.width.toDouble(),
+                           random() * GameHandler.height.toDouble());
+      var vec = new Vector(((random() * 2.0) - 1.0), ((random() * 2.0) - 1.0));
+      actors.add(new Asteroid(pos, vec, randomInt(3, 4)));
+    }
+
+    game.score = 0;
+    game.lives = 3;
+  }
+
+  void onRenderScene(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    if (imagesLoaded) {
+      // Draw the background asteroids.
+      for (var i = 0; i < actors.length; i++) {
+        var actor = actors[i];
+        actor.onUpdate(this);
+        game.updateActorPosition(actor);
+        actor.onRender(ctx);
+      }
+
+      // Handle cycling through scenes.
+      if (++currentSceneFrame == SCENE_LENGTH) { // Move to next scene.
+        if (++currentSceneRenderer == sceneRenderers.length) {
+          currentSceneRenderer = 0; // Wrap to first scene.
+        }
+        currentSceneFrame = 0;
+      }
+
+      ctx.save();
+
+      // fade in/out
+      if (currentSceneFrame < SCENE_FADE) {
+        // fading in
+        ctx.globalAlpha = 1 - ((SCENE_FADE - currentSceneFrame) / SCENE_FADE);
+      } else if (currentSceneFrame >= SCENE_LENGTH - SCENE_FADE) {
+        // fading out
+        ctx.globalAlpha = ((SCENE_LENGTH - currentSceneFrame) / SCENE_FADE);
+      } else {
+        ctx.globalAlpha = 1.0;
+      }
+
+      sceneRenderers[currentSceneRenderer](ctx);
+
+      ctx.restore();
+
+      sineText(ctx, "BLASTEROIDS",
+          GameHandler.width ~/ 2 - 130, GameHandler.height ~/ 2 - 64);
+    } else {
+      centerFillText(ctx, "Loading...",
+          "18pt Courier New", GameHandler.height ~/ 2, "white");
+    }
+  }
+
+  void sceneRendererWelcome(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.fillStyle = ctx.strokeStyle = "white";
+    centerFillText(ctx, "Press SPACE or click to start", "18pt Courier New",
+        GameHandler.height ~/ 2);
+    fillText(ctx, "based on Javascript game by Kevin Roast",
+        "10pt Courier New", 16, 624);
+  }
+
+  void sceneRendererInfo(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.fillStyle = ctx.strokeStyle = "white";
+    fillText(ctx, "How to play...", "14pt Courier New", 40, 320);
+    fillText(ctx, "Arrow keys or tilt to rotate, thrust, shield. "
+        "SPACE or touch to fire.",
+        "14pt Courier New", 40, 350);
+    fillText(ctx, "Pickup the glowing power-ups to enhance your ship.",
+        "14pt Courier New", 40, 370);
+    fillText(ctx, "Watch out for enemy saucers!", "14pt Courier New", 40, 390);
+  }
+
+  void sceneRendererScores(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.fillStyle = ctx.strokeStyle = "white";
+    centerFillText(ctx, "High Score", "18pt Courier New", 320);
+    var sscore = this.game.highscore.toString();
+    // pad with zeros
+    for (var i=0, j=8-sscore.length; i<j; i++) {
+      sscore = "0$sscore";
+    }
+    centerFillText(ctx, sscore, "18pt Courier New", 350);
+  }
+
+  /** Callback from image preloader when all images are ready */
+  void ready() {
+    imagesLoaded = true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Render the a text string in a pulsing x-sine y-cos wave pattern
+   * The multiplier for the sinewave is modulated over time
+   */
+  void sineText(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx, String txt, int xpos, int ypos) {
+    mult += multIncrement;
+    if (mult > 1024.0) {
+      multIncrement = -multIncrement;
+    } else if (this.mult < 128.0) {
+      multIncrement = -multIncrement;
+    }
+    var offset = sine;
+    for (var i = 0; i < txt.length; i++) {
+      var y = ypos + ((Math.sin(offset) * RAD) * mult).toInt();
+      var x = xpos + ((Math.cos(offset++) * RAD) * (mult * 0.5)).toInt();
+      fillText(ctx, txt[i], "36pt Courier New", x + i * 30, y, "white");
+    }
+    sine += 0.075;
+  }
+
+  bool onKeyDownHandler(int keyCode) {
+    log("In onKeyDownHandler, AttractorScene");
+    switch (keyCode) {
+      case KEY.SPACE:
+        if (imagesLoaded) {
+          start = true;
+        }
+        return true;
+      case KEY.ESC:
+        GameHandler.togglePause();
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  bool onMouseDownHandler(e) {
+    if (imagesLoaded) {
+      start = true;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * An actor representing a transient effect in the game world. An effect is
+ * nothing more than a special graphic that does not play any direct part in
+ * the game and does not interact with any other objects. It automatically
+ * expires after a set lifespan, generally the rendering of the effect is
+ * based on the remaining lifespan.
+ */
+class EffectActor extends Actor {
+  int lifespan; // in msec.
+  int effectStart; // start time
+
+  EffectActor(Vector position , Vector velocity, [this.lifespan = 0])
+      : super(position, velocity) {
+    effectStart = frameStart;
+  }
+
+  bool expired() => (frameStart - effectStart > lifespan);
+
+  /**
+   * Helper for an effect to return the value multiplied by the ratio of the
+   * remaining lifespan of the effect.
+   */
+  double effectValue(double val) {
+    var result = val - (val * (frameStart - effectStart)) / lifespan;
+    return Math.max(0.0, Math.min(val, result));
+  }
+}
+
+/** Text indicator effect actor class. */
+class TextIndicator extends EffectActor {
+  int fadeLength;
+  int textSize;
+  String msg;
+  String colour;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

colour -> color

+
+  TextIndicator(Vector position, Vector velocity, this.msg,
+      [this.textSize = 12, this.colour = "white",
+          int fl = 500]) :
+    super(position, velocity, fl), fadeLength = fl;
+
+  const int DEFAULT_FADE_LENGTH = 500;
+
+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    // Fade out alpha.
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.globalAlpha = effectValue(1.0);
+    fillText(ctx, msg, "${textSize}pt Courier New",
+        position.x, position.y, colour);
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+}
+
+/** Score indicator effect actor class. */
+class ScoreIndicator extends TextIndicator {
+  ScoreIndicator(Vector position, Vector velocity, int score,
+      [int textSize = 12, String prefix = '', String colour = "white",
+      int fadeLength = 500]) :
+    super(position, velocity, '${prefix.length > 0 ? "$prefix " : ""}${score}',
+        textSize, colour, fadeLength);
+}
+
+/** Power up collectable. */
+class PowerUp extends EffectActor {
+  PowerUp(Vector position, Vector velocity)
+  : super(position, velocity);
+
+  const int RADIUS = 8;
+  int pulse = 128;
+  int pulseinc = 5;
+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.globalAlpha = 0.75;
+    var col = "rgb(255,${pulse.toString()},0)";
+    ctx.fillStyle = col;
+    ctx.strokeStyle = "rgb(255,255,128)";
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    ctx.arc(position.x, position.y, RADIUS, 0, TWOPI, true);
+    ctx.closePath();
+    ctx.fill();
+    ctx.stroke();
+    ctx.restore();
+    pulse += pulseinc;
+    if (pulse > 255){
+      pulse = 256 - pulseinc;
+      pulseinc =- pulseinc;
+    } else if (pulse < 0) {
+      pulse = 0 - pulseinc;
+      pulseinc =- pulseinc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  get radius => RADIUS;
+
+  void collected(AsteroidsMain game, Player player, GameScene scene) {
+    // Rrandomly select a powerup to apply.

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

Rrandomly -> Randomly

+    var message = null;
+    var n, m, enemy, pos;
+    switch (randomInt(0, 9)) {
+      case 0:
+      case 1:
+        message = "Energy Boost!";
+        player.energy += player.ENERGY_INIT / 2;
+        if (player.energy > player.ENERGY_INIT) {
+          player.energy = player.ENERGY_INIT;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case 2:
+        message = "Fire When Shielded!";
+        player.fireWhenShield = true;
+        break;
+
+      case 3:
+        message = "Extra Life!";
+        game.lives++;
+        break;
+
+      case 4:
+        message = "Slow Down Asteroids!";
+        m = scene.enemies.length;
+        for (n = 0; n < m; n++) {
+          enemy = scene.enemies[n];
+          if (enemy is Asteroid) {
+            enemy.velocity.scale(0.66);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case 5:
+        message = "Smart Bomb!";
+
+        var effectRad = 96;
+
+        // Aadd a BIG explosion actor at the smart bomb weapon position and vector

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

line len

+        var boom = new Explosion(position.clone(),
+            velocity.nscale(0.5), effectRad / 8);
+        scene.effects.add(boom);
+
+        // Test circle intersection with each enemy actor.
+        // We check the enemy list length each iteration to catch baby asteroids
+        // this is a fully fledged smart bomb after all!
+        pos = position;
+        for (n = 0; n < scene.enemies.length; n++) {
+          enemy = scene.enemies[n];
+
+          // Test the distance against the two radius combined.
+          if (pos.distance(enemy.position) <= effectRad + enemy.radius) {
+            // Intersection detected!
+            enemy.hit(-1);
+            scene.generatePowerUp(enemy);
+            scene.destroyEnemy(enemy, velocity, true);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case 6:
+        message = "Twin Cannons!";
+        player.primaryWeapons["main"] = new TwinCannonsWeapon(player);
+        break;
+
+      case 7:
+        message = "Spray Cannons!";
+        player.primaryWeapons["main"] = new VSprayCannonsWeapon(player);
+        break;
+
+      case 8:
+        message = "Rear Gun!";
+        player.primaryWeapons["rear"] = new RearGunWeapon(player);
+        break;
+
+      case 9:
+        message = "Side Guns!";
+        player.primaryWeapons["side"] = new SideGunWeapon(player);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (message != null) {
+      // Generate a effect indicator at the destroyed enemy position.
+      var vec = new Vector(0.0, -1.5);
+      var effect = new TextIndicator(
+           new Vector(position.x, position.y - RADIUS), vec,
+               message, null, null, 700);
+      scene.effects.add(effect);
+    }
+  }
+}
+/**
+ * This is the common base class of actors that can be hit and destroyed by
+ * player bullets. It supports a hit() method which should return true when
+ * the enemy object should be removed from play.
+ */
+class EnemyActor extends SpriteActor {
+  EnemyActor(Vector position, Vector velocity, this.size)
+      : super(position, velocity);
+
+  bool alive = true;
+
+  /** Size - values from 1-4 are valid for asteroids, 0-1 for ships. */
+  int size;
+
+  bool expired() => !alive;
+
+  bool hit(num force) {
+    alive = false;
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Asteroid actor class.
+ */
+class Asteroid extends EnemyActor {
+  Asteroid(Vector position, Vector velocity, int size, [this.type])
+    : super(position, velocity, size) {
+    health = size;
+
+    // Randomly select an asteroid image bitmap.
+    if (type == null) {
+      type = randomInt(1, 4);
+    }
+    animImage = g_asteroidImgs[type-1];
+
+    // Rrandomly setup animation speed and direction.
+    animForward = (random() < 0.5);
+    animSpeed = 0.3 + random() * 0.5;
+    animLength = ANIMATION_LENGTH;
+    rotation = randomInt(0, 180);
+    rotationSpeed = (random() - 0.5) / 30;
+  }
+
+  const int ANIMATION_LENGTH = 180;
+
+  /** Asteroid graphic type i.e. which bitmap it is drawn from. */
+  int type;
+
+  /** Asteroid health before it's destroyed. */
+  num health = 0;
+
+  /** Retro graphics mode rotation orientation and speed. */
+  int rotation = 0;
+  double rotationSpeed = 0.0;
+
+  /** Asteroid rendering method. */
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    var rad = size * 8;
+    ctx.save();
+    // Render asteroid graphic bitmap. The bitmap is rendered slightly large
+    // than the radius as the raytraced asteroid graphics do not quite touch
+    // the edges of the 64x64 sprite - this improves perceived collision
+    // detection.
+    //print("Position ${position}, Vector ${vector}");
+    //print("Render at ${position.x - rad - 2}, ${position.y - rad - 2}");

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

Delete commented code or put under debug flag.

+    renderSprite(ctx, position.x - rad - 2, position.y - rad - 2, (rad * 2)+4);
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  get radius => size * 8;
+
+  bool hit(num force) {
+    if (force != -1) {
+      health -= force;
+    } else {
+      // instant kill
+      health = 0;
+    }
+    return !(alive = (health > 0));
+  }
+}
+
+/** Enemy Ship actor class. */
+class EnemyShip extends EnemyActor {
+
+  get radius => _radius;
+
+  EnemyShip(GameScene scene, int size)
+      : super(null, null, size) {
+    // Small ship, alter settings slightly.
+    if (size == 1) {
+      BULLET_RECHARGE_MS = 1300;
+      _radius = 8;
+    } else {
+      _radius = 16;
+    }
+
+    // Randomly setup enemy initial position and vector
+    // ensure the enemy starts in the opposite quadrant to the player.
+    var p, v;
+    if (scene.player.position.x < canvas_width / 2) {
+      // Player on left of the screen.
+      if (scene.player.position.y < canvas_height / 2) {
+        // Player in top left of the screen.
+        position = new Vector(canvas_width-48, canvas_height-48);
+      } else {
+        // Player in bottom left of the screen.
+        position = new Vector(canvas_width-48, 48);
+      }
+      velocity = new Vector(-(random() + 0.25 + size * 0.75),
+          random() + 0.25 + size * 0.75);
+    } else {
+      // Player on right of the screen.
+      if (scene.player.position.y < canvas_height / 2) {
+        // Player in top right of the screen.
+        position = new Vector(0, canvas_height-48);
+      } else {
+        // Player in bottom right of the screen.
+        position = new Vector(0, 48);
+      }
+      velocity = new Vector(random() + 0.25 + size * 0.75,
+          random() + 0.25 + size * 0.75);
+    }
+
+   // Setup SpriteActor values.
+   animImage = g_enemyshipImg;
+   animLength = SHIP_ANIM_LENGTH;
+ }
+
+ const int SHIP_ANIM_LENGTH = 90;
+ int _radius;
+ int BULLET_RECHARGE_MS = 1800;
+
+
+  /** True if ship alive, false if ready for expiration. */
+  bool alive = true;
+
+  /** Bullet fire recharging counter. */
+  int bulletRecharge = 0;
+
+  void onUpdate(GameScene scene) {
+    // change enemy direction randomly
+    if (size == 0) {
+      if (random() < 0.01) {
+        velocity.y = -(velocity.y + (0.25 - (random()/2)));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (random() < 0.02) {
+        velocity.y = -(velocity.y + (0.5 - random()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // regular fire a bullet at the player
+    if (frameStart - bulletRecharge >
+        BULLET_RECHARGE_MS && scene.player.alive) {
+      // ok, update last fired time and we can now generate a bullet
+      bulletRecharge = frameStart;
+
+      // generate a vector pointed at the player
+      // by calculating a vector between the player and enemy positions
+      var v = scene.player.position.clone().sub(position);
+      // scale resulting vector down to bullet vector size
+      var scale = (size == 0 ? 3.0 : 3.5) / v.length();
+      v.x *= scale;
+      v.y *= scale;
+      // slightly randomize the direction (big ship is less accurate also)
+      v.x += (size == 0 ? (random() * 2.0 - 1.0) : (random() - 0.5));
+      v.y += (size == 0 ? (random() * 2.0 - 1.0) : (random() - 0.5));
+      // - could add the enemy motion vector for correct momentum
+      // - but this leads to slow bullets firing back from dir of travel
+      // - so pretend that enemies are clever enough to account for this...
+      //v.add(this.vector);
+
+      var bullet = new EnemyBullet(position.clone(), v);
+      scene.enemyBullets.add(bullet);
+      //soundManager.play('enemy_bomb');
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Enemy rendering method. */
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    // render enemy graphic bitmap
+    var rad = radius + 2;
+    renderSprite(ctx, position.x - rad, position.y - rad, rad * 2);
+  }
+
+  /** Enemy hit by a bullet; return true if destroyed, false otherwise. */
+  bool hit(num force) {
+    alive = false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool expired() {
+    return !alive;
+  }
+}
+
+class GameCompleted extends Scene {
+  AsteroidsMain game;
+  var player;
+
+  GameCompleted(this.game)
+      : super(false) {
+    interval = new Interval("CONGRATULATIONS!", intervalRenderer);
+    player = game.player;
+  }
+
+  bool isComplete() => true;
+
+  void intervalRenderer(Interval interval, CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    if (interval.framecounter++ == 0) {
+      if (game.score == game.highscore) {
+        // save new high score to HTML5 local storage
+    /*    if (localStorage) {

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

Delete commented code or add TODO.

+          localStorage.setItem(SCOREDBKEY, this.game.score);
+        }
+        */
+      }
+    }
+    if (interval.framecounter < 1000) {
+      fillText(ctx, interval.label, "18pt Courier New",
+          GameHandler.width ~/ 2 - 96, GameHandler.height ~/ 2 - 32, "white");
+      fillText(ctx, "Score: ${game.score}", "14pt Courier New",
+          GameHandler.width ~/ 2 - 64, GameHandler.height ~/ 2, "white");
+      if (game.score == game.highscore) {
+        fillText(ctx, "New High Score!", "14pt Courier New",
+            GameHandler.width ~/ 2 - 64, GameHandler.height ~/ 2 + 24, "white");
+      }
+    } else {
+      interval.complete = true;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Game Handler.
+ *
+ * Singleton instance responsible for managing the main game loop and
+ * maintaining a few global references such as the canvas and frame counters.
+ */
+class GameHandler {
+   /**
+    * The single Game.Main derived instance
+    */
+   static GameMain game = null;
+
+   static bool paused = false;
+   static CanvasElement canvas = null;
+   static int width = 0;
+   static int height = 0;
+   static int frameCount = 0;
+
+   /** Frame multiplier - i.e. against the ideal fps. */
+   static double frameMultiplier = 1.0;
+
+   /** Last frame start time in ms. */
+   static int frameStart = 0;
+
+   /** Debugging output. */
+   static int maxfps = 0;
+
+   /** Ideal FPS constant. */
+   static const double FPSMS = 1000/60;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

You can omit the "double".  Spacing around '/'.

+
+   static Prerenderer bitmaps;
+
+   /** Init function called once by your window.onload handler. */
+   static void init(c) {
+     canvas = c;
+     width = canvas.width;
+     height = canvas.height;
+     log("INit GameMain($c,$width,$height)");

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

INit -> Init

+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Game start method - begins the main game loop.
+    * Pass in the object that represent the game to execute.
+    */
+   static void start(GameMain g) {
+     game = g;
+     frameStart = new DateTime.now().millisecondsSinceEpoch;
+     log("Doing first frame");
+     game.frame();
+   }
+
+   /** Called each frame by the main game loop unless paused. */
+   static void doFrame(_) {
+     log("Doing next frame");
+     game.frame();
+   }
+
+   static void togglePause() {
+     if (paused) {
+       paused = false;
+       frameStart = new DateTime.now().millisecondsSinceEpoch;
+       game.frame();
+    } else {
+      paused = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  static bool onAccelerometer(double x, double y, double z) {
+    return game == null ? true : game.onAccelerometer(x, y, z);
+  }
+}
+
+bool onAccelerometer(double x, double y, double z) {
+  return GameHandler.onAccelerometer(x, y, z);
+}
+
+/** Game main loop class.  */
+class GameMain {
+
+  GameMain() {
+    var me = this;
+
+    document.onKeyDown.listen((KeyboardEvent event) {
+      var keyCode = event.keyCode;
+
+      log("In document.onKeyDown($keyCode)");
+      if (me.sceneIndex != -1) {
+        if (me.scenes[me.sceneIndex].onKeyDownHandler(keyCode) != null) {
+          // if the key is handled, prevent any further events
+          if (event != null) {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            event.stopPropagation();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    document.onKeyUp.listen((KeyboardEvent event) {
+      var keyCode =  event.keyCode;
+      if (me.sceneIndex != -1) {
+        if (me.scenes[me.sceneIndex].onKeyUpHandler(keyCode) != null) {
+          // if the key is handled, prevent any further events
+          if (event != null) {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            event.stopPropagation();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    document.onMouseDown.listen((MouseEvent event) {
+      if (me.sceneIndex != -1) {
+        if (me.scenes[me.sceneIndex].onMouseDownHandler(event) != null) {
+          // if the event is handled, prevent any further events
+          if (event != null) {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            event.stopPropagation();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    document.onMouseUp.listen((MouseEvent event) {
+      if (me.sceneIndex != -1) {
+        if (me.scenes[me.sceneIndex].onMouseUpHandler(event) != null) {
+          // if the event is handled, prevent any further events
+          if (event != null) {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            event.stopPropagation();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+  }
+
+  List scenes = [];
+  Scene startScene = null;
+  Scene endScene = null;
+  Scene currentScene = null;
+  int sceneIndex = -1;
+  var interval = null;
+  int totalFrames = 0;
+
+  bool onAccelerometer(double x, double y, double z) {
+    if (currentScene != null) {
+      return currentScene.onAccelerometer(x, y, z);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Game frame execute method - called by anim handler timeout
+   */
+  void frame() {
+    var frameStart = new DateTime.now().millisecondsSinceEpoch;
+
+    // Calculate scene transition and current scene.
+    if (currentScene == null) {
+      // Set to scene zero (game init).
+      currentScene = scenes[sceneIndex = 0];
+      currentScene.onInitScene();
+    } else if (isGameOver()) {
+      sceneIndex = -1;
+      currentScene = endScene;
+      currentScene.onInitScene();
+    }
+
+    if ((currentScene.interval == null ||
+        currentScene.interval.complete) && currentScene.isComplete()) {
+      if (++sceneIndex >= scenes.length){
+        sceneIndex = 0;
+      }
+      currentScene = scenes[sceneIndex];
+      currentScene.onInitScene();
+    }
+
+    var ctx = GameHandler.canvas.getContext('2d');
+
+    // Rrender the game and current scene.
+    ctx.save();
+    if (currentScene.interval == null || currentScene.interval.complete) {
+      currentScene.onBeforeRenderScene();
+      onRenderGame(ctx);
+      currentScene.onRenderScene(ctx);
+    } else {
+      onRenderGame(ctx);
+      currentScene.interval.intervalRenderer(currentScene.interval, ctx);
+    }
+    ctx.restore();
+
+    GameHandler.frameCount++;
+
+    // Calculate frame total time interval and frame multiplier required
+    // for smooth animation.
+
+    // Time since last frame.
+    var frameInterval = frameStart - GameHandler.frameStart;
+    if (frameInterval == 0) frameInterval = 1;
+    if (GameHandler.frameCount % 16 == 0) { // Update fps every 16 frames
+      GameHandler.maxfps = (1000 / frameInterval).floor().toInt();
+    }
+    GameHandler.frameMultiplier = frameInterval.toDouble() / GameHandler.FPSMS;
+
+    GameHandler.frameStart = frameStart;
+
+    if (!GameHandler.paused) {
+      window.requestAnimationFrame(GameHandler.doFrame);
+    }
+    if ((++totalFrames % 600) == 0) {
+      log('${totalFrames} frames; multiplier ${GameHandler.frameMultiplier}');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void onRenderGame(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {}
+
+  bool isGameOver() => false;
+}
+
+class AsteroidsMain extends GameMain {
+
+  AsteroidsMain() : super() {
+    var attractorScene = new AttractorScene(this);
+
+    // get the images graphics loading
+    var loader = new Preloader();
+    loader.addImage(g_playerImg, 'player.png');
+    loader.addImage(g_asteroidImgs[0], 'asteroid1.png');
+    loader.addImage(g_asteroidImgs[1], 'asteroid2.png');
+    loader.addImage(g_asteroidImgs[2], 'asteroid3.png');
+    loader.addImage(g_asteroidImgs[3], 'asteroid4.png');
+    loader.addImage(g_shieldImg, 'shield.png');
+    loader.addImage(g_enemyshipImg, 'enemyship1.png');
+
+    // The attactor scene is displayed first and responsible for allowing the
+    // player to start the game once all images have been loaded.
+    loader.onLoadCallback(() {
+      attractorScene.ready();
+    });
+
+    // Generate the single player actor - available across all scenes.
+    player = new Player(
+        new Vector(GameHandler.width / 2, GameHandler.height / 2),
+        new Vector(0.0, 0.0),
+        0.0);
+
+    scenes.add(attractorScene);
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < 12; i++){
+      var level = new GameScene(this, i+1);
+      scenes.add(level);
+    }
+
+    scenes.add(new GameCompleted(this));
+
+    // Set special end scene member value to a Game Over scene.
+    endScene = new GameOverScene(this);
+
+    if (window.localStorage.containsKey(SCOREDBKEY)) {
+      highscore = int.parse(window.localStorage[SCOREDBKEY]);
+    }
+    // Perform prerender steps - create some bitmap graphics to use later.
+    GameHandler.bitmaps = new Prerenderer();
+    GameHandler.bitmaps.execute();
+  }
+
+  Player player = null;
+  int lives = 0;
+  int score = 0;
+  int highscore = 0;
+  /** Background scrolling bitmap x position */
+  double backgroundX = 0.0;
+  /** Background starfield star list */
+  List starfield = [];
+
+  void onRenderGame(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    // Setup canvas for a render pass and apply background
+    // draw a scrolling background image.
+    var w = GameHandler.width;
+    var h = GameHandler.height;
+    //var sourceRect = new Rect(backgroundX, 0, w, h);
+    //var destRect = new Rect(0, 0, w, h);
+    //ctx.drawImageToRect(g_backgroundImg, destRect,
+    //    sourceRect:sourceRect);
+    ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(g_backgroundImg,
+        backgroundX, 0, w, h, 0, 0, w, h);
+
+    backgroundX += (GameHandler.frameMultiplier / 4.0);
+    if (backgroundX >= g_backgroundImg.width / 2) {
+      backgroundX -= g_backgroundImg.width / 2;
+    }
+    ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
+  }
+
+  bool isGameOver() {
+    if (currentScene is GameScene) {
+      var gs = currentScene as GameScene;
+      return (lives == 0 && gs.effects != null && gs.effects.length == 0);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update an actor position using its current velocity vector.
+   * Scale the vector by the frame multiplier - this is used to ensure
+   * all actors move the same distance over time regardles of framerate.
+   * Also handle traversing out of the coordinate space and back again.
+   */
+  void updateActorPosition(Actor actor) {
+    actor.position.add(actor.velocity.nscale(GameHandler.frameMultiplier));
+    actor.position.wrap(0, GameHandler.width - 1, 0, GameHandler.height - 1);
+  }
+}
+
+class GameOverScene extends Scene {
+  var game, player;
+
+  GameOverScene(this.game) :
+    super(false) {
+    interval = new Interval("GAME OVER", intervalRenderer);
+    player = game.player;
+  }
+
+  bool isComplete() => true;
+
+  void intervalRenderer(Interval interval, CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    if (interval.framecounter++ == 0) {
+      if (game.score == game.highscore) {
+        window.localStorage[SCOREDBKEY] = game.score.toString();
+      }
+    }
+    if (interval.framecounter < 300) {
+      fillText(ctx, interval.label, "18pt Courier New",
+          GameHandler.width * 0.5 - 64, GameHandler.height*0.5 - 32, "white");
+      fillText(ctx, "Score: ${game.score}", "14pt Courier New",
+          GameHandler.width * 0.5 - 64, GameHandler.height*0.5, "white");
+      if (game.score == game.highscore) {
+        fillText(ctx, "New High Score!", "14pt Courier New",
+            GameHandler.width * 0.5 - 64, GameHandler.height*0.5 + 24, "white");
+      }
+    } else {
+      interval.complete = true;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class GameScene extends Scene {
+  AsteroidsMain game;
+  int wave;
+  var player;
+  List actors = null;
+  List playerBullets = null;
+  List enemies = null;
+  List enemyBullets = null;
+  List effects = null;
+  List collectables = null;
+  int enemyShipCount = 0;
+  int enemyShipAdded = 0;
+  int scoredisplay = 0;
+  bool skipLevel = false;
+
+  Input input;
+
+  GameScene(this.game, this.wave)
+      : super(true) {
+    interval = new Interval("Wave ${wave}", intervalRenderer);
+    player = game.player;
+    input = new Input();
+  }
+
+  void onInitScene() {
+    // Generate the actors and add the actor sub-lists to the main actor list.
+    actors = [];
+    enemies = [];
+    actors.add(enemies);
+    actors.add(playerBullets = []);
+    actors.add(enemyBullets = []);
+    actors.add(effects = []);
+    actors.add(collectables = []);
+
+    // Reset player ready for game restart.
+    resetPlayerActor(wave != 1);
+
+    // Randomly generate some asteroids.
+    var factor = 1.0 + ((wave - 1) * 0.075);
+    for (var i=1, j=(4 + wave); i < j; i++) {
+      enemies.add(generateAsteroid(factor));
+    }
+
+    // Reset enemy ship count and last enemy added time.
+    enemyShipAdded = GameHandler.frameStart;
+    enemyShipCount = 0;
+
+    // Reset interval flag.
+    interval.reset();
+    skipLevel = false;
+  }
+
+  /** Restore the player to the game - reseting position etc. */
+  void resetPlayerActor(bool persistPowerUps) {
+    actors.add([player]);
+
+    // Reset the player position.
+    player.position.x = GameHandler.width / 2;
+    player.position.y = GameHandler.height / 2;
+    player.velocity.x = 0.0;
+    player.velocity.y = 0.0;
+    player.heading = 0.0;
+    player.reset(persistPowerUps);
+
+    // Reset keyboard input values.
+    input.reset();
+  }
+
+  /** Scene before rendering event handler. */
+  void onBeforeRenderScene() {
+    // Handle key input.
+    if (input.left) {
+      // Rotate anti-clockwise.
+      player.heading -= 4 * GameHandler.frameMultiplier;
+    }
+    if (input.right) {
+      // Rotate clockwise.
+      player.heading += 4 * GameHandler.frameMultiplier;
+    }
+    if (input.thrust) {
+      player.thrust();
+    }
+    if (input.shield) {
+      if (!player.expired()) {
+        player.activateShield();
+      }
+    }
+    if (input.fireA) {
+      player.firePrimary(playerBullets);
+    }
+    if (input.fireB) {
+      player.fireSecondary(playerBullets);
+    }
+
+    // Add an enemy every N frames (depending on wave factor).
+    // Later waves can have 2 ships on screen - earlier waves have one.
+    if (enemyShipCount <= (wave < 5 ? 0 : 1) &&
+        GameHandler.frameStart - enemyShipAdded > (20000 - (wave * 1024))) {
+      enemies.add(new EnemyShip(this, (wave < 3 ? 0 : randomInt(0, 1))));
+      enemyShipCount++;
+      enemyShipAdded = GameHandler.frameStart;
+    }
+
+    // Update all actors using their current vector.
+    updateActors();
+  }
+
+  /** Scene rendering event handler */
+  void onRenderScene(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    renderActors(ctx);
+
+    if (DEBUG['collisionRadius']) {
+      renderCollisionRadius(ctx);
+    }
+
+    // Render info overlay graphics.
+    renderOverlay(ctx);
+
+    // Detect bullet collisions.
+    collisionDetectBullets();
+
+    // Detect player collision with asteroids etc.
+    if (!player.expired()) {
+      collisionDetectPlayer();
+    } else {
+      // If the player died, then respawn after a short delay and
+      // ensure that they do not instantly collide with an enemy.
+      if (GameHandler.frameStart - player.killedOn > 3000) {
+        // Perform a test to check no ememy is close to the player.
+        var tooClose = false;
+        var playerPos =
+            new Vector(GameHandler.width * 0.5, GameHandler.height * 0.5);
+        for (var i=0, j=this.enemies.length; i<j; i++) {
+          var enemy = this.enemies[i];
+          if (playerPos.distance(enemy.position) < 80) {
+            tooClose = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (tooClose == false) {
+          resetPlayerActor(false);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool isComplete() =>
+      (skipLevel || (enemies.length == 0 && effects.length == 0));
+
+  void intervalRenderer(Interval interval, CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    if (interval.framecounter++ < 100) {
+      fillText(ctx, interval.label, "18pt Courier New",
+          GameHandler.width*0.5 - 48, GameHandler.height*0.5 - 8, "white");
+    } else {
+      interval.complete = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool onAccelerometer(double x, double y, double z) {
+    if (input != null) {
+      input.shield =(x > 2.0);
+      input.thrust = (x < -1.0);
+      input.left = (y < -1.5);
+      input.right = (y > 1.5);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool onMouseDownHandler(e) {
+    input.fireA = input.fireB = false;
+    if (e.clientX < GameHandler.width / 3) input.fireB = true;
+    else if (e.clientX > 2 * GameHandler.width / 3) input.fireA = true;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool onMouseUpHandler(e) {
+    input.fireA = input.fireB = false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool onKeyDownHandler(int keyCode) {
+    log("In onKeyDownHandler, GameScene");
+    switch (keyCode) {
+      // Note: GLUT doesn't send key up events,
+      // so the emulator sends key events as down/up pairs,
+      // which is not what we want. So we have some special
+      // numeric key handlers here that are distinct for
+      // up and down to support use with GLUT.
+      case 52: // '4':
+      case KEY.LEFT:
+        input.left = true;
+        return true;
+      case 54: // '6'
+      case KEY.RIGHT:
+        input.right = true;
+        return true;
+      case 56: // '8'
+      case KEY.UP:
+        input.thrust = true;
+        return true;
+      case 50: // '2'
+      case KEY.DOWN:
+      case KEY.SHIFT:
+        input.shield = true;
+        return true;
+      case 48: // '0'
+      case KEY.SPACE:
+        input.fireA = true;
+        return true;
+      case KEY.Z:
+        input.fireB = true;
+        return true;
+
+      case KEY.A:
+        if (DEBUG['enabled']) {
+          // generate an asteroid
+          enemies.add(generateAsteroid(1));
+          return true;
+          }
+        break;
+
+      case KEY.G:
+        if (DEBUG['enabled']) {
+          GLOWEFFECT = !GLOWEFFECT;
+          return true;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case KEY.L:
+        if (DEBUG['enabled']) {
+          skipLevel = true;
+          return true;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case KEY.E:
+        if (DEBUG['enabled']) {
+          enemies.add(new EnemyShip(this, randomInt(0, 1)));
+          return true;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case KEY.ESC:
+        GameHandler.togglePause();
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  bool onKeyUpHandler(int keyCode) {
+    switch (keyCode) {
+      case 53: // '5'
+        input.left = false;
+        input.right = false;
+        input.thrust = false;
+        input.shield = false;
+        input.fireA = false;
+        input.fireB = false;
+        return true;
+
+      case KEY.LEFT:
+        input.left = false;
+        return true;
+      case KEY.RIGHT:
+        input.right = false;
+        return true;
+      case KEY.UP:
+        input.thrust = false;
+        return true;
+      case KEY.DOWN:
+      case KEY.SHIFT:
+        input.shield = false;
+        return true;
+      case KEY.SPACE:
+        input.fireA = false;
+        return true;
+      case KEY.Z:
+        input.fireB = false;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Randomly generate a new large asteroid. Ensures the asteroid is not
+   * generated too close to the player position!
+   */
+  Asteroid generateAsteroid(num speedFactor) {
+    while (true){
+      // perform a test to check it is not too close to the player
+      var apos = new Vector(random()*GameHandler.width,
+          random()*GameHandler.height);
+      if (player.position.distance(apos) > 125) {
+        var vec = new Vector( ((random()*2)-1)*speedFactor,
+            ((random()*2)-1)*speedFactor );
+        return new Asteroid(apos, vec, 4);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Update the actors position based on current vectors and expiration. */
+  void updateActors() {
+    for (var i = 0, j = this.actors.length; i < j; i++) {
+      var actorList = this.actors[i];
+
+      for (var n = 0; n < actorList.length; n++) {
+        var actor = actorList[n];
+
+        // call onUpdate() event for each actor
+        actor.onUpdate(this);
+
+        // expiration test first
+        if (actor.expired()) {
+          actorList.removeAt(n);
+        } else {
+          game.updateActorPosition(actor);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform the operation needed to destory the player.
+   * Mark as killed as reduce lives, explosion effect and play sound.
+   */
+  void destroyPlayer() {
+    // Player destroyed by enemy bullet - remove from play.
+    player.kill();
+    game.lives--;
+    var boom =
+        new PlayerExplosion(player.position.clone(), player.velocity.clone());
+    effects.add(boom);
+    soundManager.play('big_boom');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Detect player collisions with various actor classes
+   * including Asteroids, Enemies, bullets and collectables
+   */
+  void collisionDetectPlayer() {
+    var playerRadius = player.radius;
+    var playerPos = player.position;
+
+    // Test circle intersection with each asteroid/enemy ship.
+    for (var n = 0, m = enemies.length; n < m; n++) {
+      var enemy = enemies[n];
+
+      // Calculate distance between the two circles.
+      if (playerPos.distance(enemy.position) <= playerRadius + enemy.radius) {
+        // Collision detected.
+        if (player.isShieldActive()) {
+          // Remove thrust from the player vector due to collision.
+          player.velocity.scale(0.75);
+
+          // Destroy the enemy - the player is invincible with shield up!
+          enemy.hit(-1);
+          destroyEnemy(enemy, player.velocity, true);
+        } else if (!DEBUG['invincible']) {
+          destroyPlayer();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Test intersection with each enemy bullet.
+    for (var i = 0; i < enemyBullets.length; i++) {
+      var bullet = enemyBullets[i];
+
+      // Calculate distance between the two circles.
+      if (playerPos.distance(bullet.position) <= playerRadius + bullet.radius) {
+        // Collision detected.
+        if (player.isShieldActive()) {
+          // Remove this bullet from the actor list as it has been destroyed.
+          enemyBullets.removeAt(i);
+        } else if (!DEBUG['invincible']) {
+          destroyPlayer();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Test intersection with each collectable.
+    for (var i = 0; i < collectables.length; i++) {
+      var item = collectables[i];
+
+      // Calculate distance between the two circles.
+      if (playerPos.distance(item.position) <= playerRadius + item.radius) {
+        // Collision detected - remove item from play and activate it.
+        collectables.removeAt(i);
+        item.collected(game, player, this);
+
+        soundManager.play('powerup');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Detect bullet collisions with asteroids and enemy actors. */
+  void collisionDetectBullets() {
+    var i;
+    // Collision detect player bullets with asteroids and enemies.
+    for (i = 0; i < playerBullets.length; i++) {
+      var bullet = playerBullets[i];
+      var bulletRadius = bullet.radius;
+      var bulletPos = bullet.position;
+
+      // Test circle intersection with each enemy actor.
+      var n, m = enemies.length, z;
+      for (n = 0; n < m; n++) {
+        var enemy = enemies[n];
+
+        // Test the distance against the two radius combined.
+        if (bulletPos.distance(enemy.position) <= bulletRadius + enemy.radius){
+          // intersection detected!
+
+          // Test for area effect bomb weapon.
+          var effectRad = bullet.effectRadius;
+          if (effectRad == 0) {
+            // Impact the enemy with the bullet.
+            if (enemy.hit(bullet.power)) {
+              // Destroy the enemy under the bullet.
+              destroyEnemy(enemy, bullet.velocity, true);
+              // Randomly release a power up.
+              generatePowerUp(enemy);
+            } else {
+              // Add a bullet impact particle effect to show the hit.
+              var effect =
+                  new PlayerBulletImpact(bullet.position, bullet.velocity);
+              effects.add(effect);
+            }
+          } else {
+            // Inform enemy it has been hit by a instant kill weapon.
+            enemy.hit(-1);
+            generatePowerUp(enemy);
+
+            // Add a big explosion actor at the area weapon position and vector.
+            var comboCount = 1;
+            var boom = new Explosion(
+                           bullet.position.clone(),
+                           bullet.velocity.nscale(0.5), 5);
+            effects.add(boom);
+
+            // Destroy the enemy.
+            destroyEnemy(enemy, bullet.velocity, true);
+
+            // Wipe out nearby enemies under the weapon effect radius
+            // take the length of the enemy actor list here - so we don't
+            // kill off -all- baby asteroids - so some elements of the original
+            // survive.
+            for (var x = 0, z = this.enemies.length, e; x < z; x++) {
+              e = enemies[x];
+
+              // test the distance against the two radius combined
+              if (bulletPos.distance(e.position) <= effectRad + e.radius) {
+                e.hit(-1);
+                generatePowerUp(e);
+                destroyEnemy(e, bullet.velocity, true);
+                comboCount++;
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Special score and indicator for "combo" detonation.
+            if (comboCount > 4) {
+              // Score bonus based on combo size.
+              var inc = comboCount * 1000 * wave;
+              game.score += inc;
+
+              // Generate a special effect indicator at the destroyed
+              // enemy position.
+              var vec = new Vector(0, -3.0);
+              var effect = new ScoreIndicator(
+                   new Vector(enemy.position.x,
+                       enemy.position.y - (enemy.size * 8)),
+                   vec.add(enemy.velocity.nscale(0.5)),
+                   inc, 16, 'COMBO X ${comboCount}', 'rgb(255,255,55)', 1000);
+              effects.add(effect);
+
+              // Generate a powerup to reward the player for the combo.
+              generatePowerUp(enemy, true);
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Remove this bullet from the actor list as it has been destroyed.
+          playerBullets.removeAt(i);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // collision detect enemy bullets with asteroids
+    for (i = 0; i < enemyBullets.length; i++) {
+      var bullet = enemyBullets[i];
+      var bulletRadius = bullet.radius;
+      var bulletPos = bullet.position;
+
+      // test circle intersection with each enemy actor
+      var n, m = enemies.length, z;
+      for (n = 0; n < m; n++) {
+        var enemy = enemies[n];
+
+        if (enemy is Asteroid) {
+          if (bulletPos.distance(enemy.position) <=
+              bulletRadius + enemy.radius) {
+            // Impact the enemy with the bullet.
+            if (enemy.hit(1)) {
+               // Destroy the enemy under the bullet.
+               destroyEnemy(enemy, bullet.velocity, false);
+            } else {
+              // Add a bullet impact particle effect to show the hit.
+              var effect = new EnemyBulletImpact(bullet.position,
+                  bullet.velocity);
+              effects.add(effect);
+            }
+
+            // Remove this bullet from the actor list as it has been destroyed.
+            enemyBullets.removeAt(i);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Randomly generate a power up to reward the player */
+  void generatePowerUp(EnemyActor enemy, [bool force = false]) {
+    if (collectables.length < 5 &&
+             (force || randomInt(0, ((enemy is Asteroid) ? 25 : 1)) == 0)) {
+      // Apply a small random vector in the direction of travel
+      // rotate by slightly randomized enemy heading.
+      var vec = enemy.velocity.clone();
+      var t = new Vector(0.0, -(random() * 2));
+      t.rotate(enemy.velocity.theta() * (random() * Math.PI));
+      vec.add(t);
+
+      // Add a power up to the collectables list.
+      collectables.add(new PowerUp(
+               new Vector(enemy.position.x, enemy.position.y - (enemy.size * 8)),
+               vec));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Blow up an enemy.
+   *
+   * An asteroid may generate new baby asteroids and leave an explosion
+   * in the wake.
+   *
+   * Also applies the score for the destroyed item.
+   *
+   * @param enemy {Game.EnemyActor} The enemy to destory and add score for
+   * @param parentVector {Vector} The vector of the item that hit the enemy
+   * @param player {boolean} If true, the player was the destroyer
+   */
+  void destroyEnemy(EnemyActor enemy, Vector parentVector, player) {
+    if (enemy is Asteroid) {
+      soundManager.play('asteroid_boom${randomInt(1,4)}');
+
+      // generate baby asteroids
+      generateBabyAsteroids(enemy, parentVector);
+
+      // add an explosion at the asteriod position and vector
+      var boom = new AsteroidExplosion(
+               enemy.position.clone(), enemy.velocity.clone(), enemy);
+      effects.add(boom);
+
+      if (player!= null) {
+        // increment score based on asteroid size
+        var inc = ((5 - enemy.size) * 4) * 100 * wave;
+        game.score += inc;
+
+        // generate a score effect indicator at the destroyed enemy position
+        var vec = new Vector(0, -1.5).add(enemy.velocity.nscale(0.5));
+        var effect = new ScoreIndicator(
+                     new Vector(enemy.position.x, enemy.position.y -
+                         (enemy.size * 8)), vec, inc);
+        effects.add(effect);
+      }
+    } else if (enemy is EnemyShip) {
+      soundManager.play('asteroid_boom1');
+
+      // add an explosion at the enemy ship position and vector
+      var boom = new EnemyExplosion(enemy.position.clone(),
+          enemy.velocity.clone(), enemy);
+      effects.add(boom);
+
+      if (player != null) {
+        // increment score based on asteroid size
+        var inc = 2000 * wave * (enemy.size + 1);
+        game.score += inc;
+
+        // generate a score effect indicator at the destroyed enemy position
+        var vec = new Vector(0, -1.5).add(enemy.velocity.nscale(0.5));
+        var effect = new ScoreIndicator(
+                     new Vector(enemy.position.x, enemy.position.y - 16),
+                     vec, inc);
+        effects.add(effect);
+      }
+
+      // decrement scene ship count
+      enemyShipCount--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generate a number of baby asteroids from a detonated parent asteroid.
+   * The number and size of the generated asteroids are based on the parent
+   * size. Some of the momentum of the parent vector (e.g. impacting bullet)
+   * is applied to the new asteroids.
+   */
+  void generateBabyAsteroids(Asteroid asteroid, Vector parentVector) {
+    // generate some baby asteroid(s) if bigger than the minimum size
+    if (asteroid.size > 1) {
+      var xc=randomInt(asteroid.size ~/ 2, asteroid.size - 1);
+      for (var x=0; x < xc; x++) {
+        var babySize = randomInt(1, asteroid.size - 1);
+
+        var vec = asteroid.velocity.clone();
+
+        // apply a small random vector in the direction of travel
+        var t = new Vector(0.0, -random());
+
+        // rotate vector by asteroid current heading - slightly randomized
+        t.rotate(asteroid.velocity.theta() * (random() * Math.PI));
+        vec.add(t);
+
+        // add the scaled parent vector - to give some momentum from the impact
+        vec.add(parentVector.nscale(0.2));
+
+        // create the asteroid - slightly offset from the centre of the old one
+        var baby = new Asteroid(
+                 new Vector(asteroid.position.x + (random()*5)-2.5,
+                     asteroid.position.y + (random()*5)-2.5),
+                 vec, babySize, asteroid.type);
+        enemies.add(baby);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Render each actor to the canvas. */
+  void renderActors(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx){
+    for (var i = 0, j = actors.length; i < j; i++) {
+      // walk each sub-list and call render on each object
+      var actorList = actors[i];
+
+      for (var n = actorList.length - 1; n >= 0; n--) {
+        actorList[n].onRender(ctx);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * DEBUG - Render the radius of the collision detection circle around
+   * each actor.
+   */
+  void renderCollisionRadius(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.strokeStyle = "rgb(255,0,0)";
+    ctx.lineWidth = 0.5;
+    ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
+
+    for (var i = 0, j = actors.length; i < j; i++) {
+      var actorList = actors[i];
+
+      for (var n = actorList.length - 1, actor; n >= 0; n--) {
+        actor = actorList[n];
+        if (actor.radius) {
+          ctx.beginPath();
+          ctx.arc(actor.position.x, actor.position.y, actor.radius, 0,
+              TWOPI, true);
+          ctx.closePath();
+          ctx.stroke();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Render player information HUD overlay graphics.
+   *
+   * @param ctx {object} Canvas rendering context
+   */
+  void renderOverlay(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
+
+    // energy bar (100 pixels across, scaled down from player energy max)
+    ctx.strokeStyle = "rgb(50,50,255)";
+    ctx.strokeRect(4, 4, 101, 6);
+    ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(100,100,255)";
+    var energy = player.energy;
+    if (energy > player.ENERGY_INIT) {
+      // the shield is on for "free" briefly when he player respawns
+      energy = player.ENERGY_INIT;
+    }
+    ctx.fillRect(5, 5, (energy / (player.ENERGY_INIT / 100)), 5);
+
+    // lives indicator graphics
+    for (var i=0; i<game.lives; i++) {
+      drawScaledImage(ctx, g_playerImg, 0, 0, 64,
+          350+(i*20), 0, 16);
+
+      // score display - update towards the score in increments to animate it
+      var score = game.score;
+      var inc = (score - scoredisplay) ~/ 10;
+      scoredisplay += inc;
+      if (scoredisplay > score) {
+        scoredisplay = score;
+      }
+      var sscore = scoredisplay.ceil().toString();
+      // pad with zeros
+      for (var i=0, j=8-sscore.length; i<j; i++) {
+        sscore = "0${sscore}";
+      }
+      fillText(ctx, sscore, "12pt Courier New", 120, 12, "white");
+
+      // high score
+      // TODO: add method for incrementing score so this is not done here
+      if (score > game.highscore) {
+        game.highscore = score;
+      }
+      sscore = game.highscore.toString();
+      // pad with zeros
+      for (var i=0, j=8-sscore.length; i<j; i++) {
+        sscore = "0${sscore}";
+      }
+      fillText(ctx, "HI: ${sscore}", "12pt Courier New", 220, 12, "white");
+
+      // debug output
+      if (DEBUG['fps']) {
+        fillText(ctx, "FPS: ${GameHandler.maxfps}", "12pt Courier New",
+            0, GameHandler.height - 2, "lightblue");
+      }
+    }
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+class Interval {
+  String label;
+  Function intervalRenderer;
+  int framecounter = 0;
+  bool complete = false;
+
+  Interval([this.label = null, this.intervalRenderer = null]);
+
+  void reset() {
+    framecounter = 0;
+    complete = false;
+  }
+}
+
+class Bullet extends ShortLivedActor {
+
+  Bullet(Vector position, Vector velocity,
+      [this.heading = 0.0, int lifespan = 1300])
+      : super(position, velocity, lifespan) {
+  }
+
+  const int BULLET_WIDTH = 2;
+  const int BULLET_HEIGHT = 6;
+  const int FADE_LENGTH = 200;
+
+  double heading;
+  int _power = 1;
+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    // hack to stop draw under player graphic
+    if (frameStart - start > 40) {
+      ctx.save();
+      ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "lighter";
+      ctx.globalAlpha = fadeValue(1.0, FADE_LENGTH);
+      // rotate the bullet bitmap into the correct heading
+      ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+      ctx.rotate(heading * RAD);
+      // TODO(gram) - figure out how to get rid of the vector art so we don't
+      // need the [0] below.
+      ctx.drawImage(GameHandler.bitmaps.images["bullet"],
+          -(BULLET_WIDTH + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2)*0.5,
+          -(BULLET_HEIGHT + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2)*0.5);
+      ctx.restore();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Area effect weapon radius - zero for primary bullets. */
+  get effectRadius => 0;
+
+  // approximate based on average between width and height
+  get radius => 4;
+
+  get power => _power;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Player BulletX2 actor class. Used by the TwinCannons primary weapon.
+ */
+class BulletX2 extends Bullet {
+
+  BulletX2(Vector position, Vector vector, double heading)
+      : super(position, vector, heading, 1750) {
+    _power = 2;
+  }
+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    // hack to stop draw under player graphic
+    if (frameStart - start > 40) {
+      ctx.save();
+      ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "lighter";
+      ctx.globalAlpha = fadeValue(1.0, FADE_LENGTH);
+      // rotate the bullet bitmap into the correct heading
+      ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+      ctx.rotate(heading * RAD);
+      ctx.drawImage(GameHandler.bitmaps.images["bulletx2"],
+           -(BULLET_WIDTH + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*4) / 2,
+           -(BULLET_HEIGHT + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2) / 2);
+      ctx.restore();
+    }
+  }
+
+  get radius => BULLET_HEIGHT;
+}
+
+class Bomb extends Bullet {
+  Bomb(Vector position, Vector velocity)
+  : super(position, velocity, 0.0, 3000);
+
+  const double BOMB_RADIUS = 4.0;
+  const int FADE_LENGTH = 200;
+  const int EFFECT_RADIUS = 45;
+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "lighter";
+    ctx.globalAlpha = fadeValue(1.0, FADE_LENGTH);
+    ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+    ctx.rotate((frameStart % (360*32)) / 32);
+    var scale = fadeValue(1.0, FADE_LENGTH);
+    if (scale <= 0) scale = 0.01;
+    ctx.scale(scale, scale);
+    ctx.drawImage(GameHandler.bitmaps.images["bomb"],
+               -(BOMB_RADIUS + GLOWSHADOWBLUR),
+               -(BOMB_RADIUS + GLOWSHADOWBLUR));
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  get effectRadius => EFFECT_RADIUS;
+  get radius => fadeValue(BOMB_RADIUS, FADE_LENGTH);
+}
+
+class EnemyBullet extends Bullet {
+  EnemyBullet(Vector position, Vector velocity)
+      : super(position, velocity, 0.0, 2800);
+
+  const double BULLET_RADIUS = 4.0;
+  const int FADE_LENGTH = 200;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

You can drop double and int above - obvious from decl.  :-)

+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.globalAlpha = fadeValue(1.0, FADE_LENGTH);
+    ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "lighter";
+    ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+    ctx.rotate((frameStart % (360*64)) / 64);
+    var scale = fadeValue(1.0, FADE_LENGTH);
+    if (scale <= 0) scale = 0.01;
+    ctx.scale(scale, scale);
+    ctx.drawImage(GameHandler.bitmaps.images["enemybullet"],
+               -(BULLET_RADIUS + GLOWSHADOWBLUR),
+               -(BULLET_RADIUS + GLOWSHADOWBLUR));
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  get radius => fadeValue(BULLET_RADIUS, FADE_LENGTH) + 1;
+}
+
+class Particle extends ShortLivedActor {
+  int size;
+  int type;
+  int fadelength;
+  String colour;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

color.  :-)

+  double rotate;
+  double rotationv;
+
+  Particle(Vector position, Vector velocity, this.size, this.type,
+                  int lifespan, this.fadelength,
+                  [this.colour = Colours.PARTICLE])
+      : super(position, velocity, lifespan) {
+
+    // randomize rotation speed and angle for line particle
+    if (type == 1) {
+      rotate = random() * TWOPI;
+      rotationv = (random() - 0.5) * 0.5;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool update() {
+    position.add(velocity);
+    return !expired();
+  }
+
+  void render(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.globalAlpha = fadeValue(1.0, fadelength);
+    switch (type) {
+      case 0:  // point (prerendered image)
+          ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+          ctx.drawImage(
+             GameHandler.bitmaps.images["points_${colour}"][size], 0, 0);
+          break;
+         // TODO: prerender a glowing line to use as the particle!
+       case 1:  // line
+          ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+          var s = size;
+          ctx.rotate(rotate);
+          this.rotate += rotationv;
+          ctx.strokeStyle = colour;
+          ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
+          ctx.beginPath();
+          ctx.moveTo(-s, -s);
+          ctx.lineTo(s, s);
+          ctx.closePath();
+          ctx.stroke();
+          break;
+       case 2:  // smudge (prerendered image)
+          var offset = (size + 1) << 2;
+          renderImage(ctx,
+              GameHandler.bitmaps.images["smudges_${colour}"][size],
+              0, 0, (size + 1) << 3,
+              position.x - offset, position.y - offset, (size + 1) << 3);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Particle emitter effect actor class.
+ *
+ * A simple particle emitter, that does not recycle particles, but sets itself
+ * as expired() once all child particles have expired.
+ *
+ * Requires a function known as the emitter that is called per particle
+ * generated.
+ */
+class ParticleEmitter extends Actor {
+
+  List<Particle> particles;
+
+  ParticleEmitter(Vector position, Vector velocity)
+  : super(position, velocity);
+
+  Particle emitter() {}
+
+  void init(count) {
+    // generate particles based on the supplied emitter function
+    particles = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      particles.add(emitter());
+    }
+  }
+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
+    ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "lighter";
+    for (var i=0, particle; i < particles.length; i++) {
+      particle = particles[i];
+
+      // update particle and test for lifespan
+      if (particle.update()) {
+        ctx.save();
+        particle.render(ctx);
+        ctx.restore();
+      } else {
+        // particle no longer alive, remove from list
+        particles.removeAt(i);
+      }
+    }
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  bool expired() => (particles.length == 0);
+}
+
+class AsteroidExplosion extends ParticleEmitter {
+  var asteroid;
+
+  AsteroidExplosion(Vector position, Vector vector, this.asteroid)
+      : super(position, vector) {
+    init(asteroid.size*2);
+  }
+
+  Particle emitter() {
+    // Randomise radial direction vector - speed and angle, then add parent
+    // vector.
+    var pos = position.clone();
+    if (random() < 0.5) {
+      var t = new Vector(0, randomInt(5, 10));
+      t.rotate(random() * TWOPI).add(velocity);
+      return new Particle(pos, t, (random() * 4).floor(), 0, 400, 300);
+    } else {
+      var t = new Vector(0, randomInt(1, 3));
+      t.rotate(random() * TWOPI).add(velocity);
+      return new Particle(pos, t,
+          (random() * 4).floor() + asteroid.size, 2, 500, 250);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class PlayerExplosion extends ParticleEmitter {
+  PlayerExplosion(Vector position, Vector vector)
+      : super(position, vector) {
+    init(12);
+  }
+
+  Particle emitter() {
+    // Randomise radial direction vector - speed and angle, then add
+    // parent vector.
+    var pos = position.clone();
+    if (random() < 0.5){
+      var t = new Vector(0, randomInt(5, 10));
+      t.rotate(random() * TWOPI).add(velocity);
+      return new Particle(pos, t, (random() * 4).floor(), 0, 400, 300);
+    } else {
+      var t = new Vector(0, randomInt(1, 3));
+      t.rotate(random() * TWOPI).add(velocity);
+      return new Particle(pos, t, (random() * 4).floor() + 2, 2, 500, 250);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Enemy particle based explosion - Particle effect actor class. */
+class EnemyExplosion extends ParticleEmitter {
+  var enemy;
+  EnemyExplosion(Vector position, Vector vector, this.enemy)
+      : super(position, vector) {
+    init(8);
+  }
+
+  Particle emitter() {
+   // randomise radial direction vector - speed and angle, then
+   // add parent vector.
+   var pos = position.clone();
+   if (random() < 0.5) {
+     var t = new Vector(0, randomInt(5, 10));
+     t.rotate(random() * TWOPI).add(velocity);
+     return new Particle(pos, t, (random() * 4).floor(), 0,
+         400, 300, Colours.ENEMY_SHIP);
+   } else {
+     var t = new Vector(0, randomInt(1, 3));
+     t.rotate(random() * 2 * TWOPI).add(velocity);
+     return new Particle(pos, t,
+         (random() * 4).floor() + (enemy.size == 0 ? 2 : 0), 2,
+         500, 250, Colours.ENEMY_SHIP);
+   }
+ }
+}
+
+class Explosion extends EffectActor {
+/**
+ * Basic explosion effect actor class.
+ *
+ * TODO: replace all instances of this with particle effects
+ *  - this is still usedby the smartbomb
+ */
+  Explosion(Vector position, Vector vector, this.size)
+      : super(position, vector, FADE_LENGTH);
+
+  static const int FADE_LENGTH = 300;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

drop int

+
+  num size = 0;
+
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    // fade out
+    var brightness = (effectValue(255.0)).floor(),
+             rad = effectValue(size * 8.0),
+             rgb = brightness.toString();
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.globalAlpha = 0.75;
+    ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(${rgb},0,0)";
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    ctx.arc(position.x, position.y, rad, 0, TWOPI, true);
+    ctx.closePath();
+    ctx.fill();
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Player bullet impact effect - Particle effect actor class.
+ * Used when an enemy is hit by player bullet but not destroyed.
+ */
+class PlayerBulletImpact extends ParticleEmitter {
+  PlayerBulletImpact(Vector position, Vector vector)
+      : super(position, vector) {
+    init(5);
+  }
+
+  Particle emitter() {
+    // slightly randomise vector angle - then add parent vector
+    var t = velocity.nscale(0.75 + random() * 0.5);
+    t.rotate(random() * PIO4 - PIO8);
+    return new Particle(position.clone(), t,
+        (random() * 4).floor(), 0, 250, 150, Colours.GREEN_LASER);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enemy bullet impact effect - Particle effect actor class.
+ * Used when an enemy is hit by player bullet but not destroyed.
+ */
+class EnemyBulletImpact extends ParticleEmitter {
+  EnemyBulletImpact(Vector position , Vector vector)
+      : super(position, vector) {
+    init(5);
+  }
+
+  Particle emitter() {
+    // slightly randomise vector angle - then add parent vector
+    var t = velocity.nscale(0.75 + random() * 0.5);
+    t.rotate(random() * PIO4 - PIO8);
+    return new Particle(position.clone(), t,
+        (random() * 4).floor(), 0, 250, 150, Colours.ENEMY_SHIP);
+  }
+}
+
+
+class Player extends SpriteActor {
+  Player(Vector position, Vector vector, this.heading)
+       : super(position, vector) {
+     energy = ENERGY_INIT;
+
+     // setup SpriteActor values - used for shield sprite
+     animImage = g_shieldImg;
+     animLength = SHIELD_ANIM_LENGTH;
+
+     // setup weapons
+     primaryWeapons = {};
+  }
+
+  double MAX_PLAYER_VELOCITY = 8.0;

[vsm, 2013/04/01 14:00:17]

Mark all these const or lowercase. 

+  num PLAYER_RADIUS = 9;
+  num SHIELD_RADIUS = 14;
+  num SHIELD_ANIM_LENGTH = 100;
+  num SHIELD_MIN_PULSE = 20;
+  num ENERGY_INIT = 400;
+  num THRUST_DELAY_MS = 100;
+  num BOMB_RECHARGE_MS = 800;
+  num BOMB_ENERGY = 80;
+
+  double heading = 0.0;
+
+  /** Player energy (shield and bombs). */
+  num energy = 0;
+
+  /** Player shield active counter. */
+  num shieldCounter = 0;
+
+  bool alive = true;
+  Map primaryWeapons = null;
+
+  /** Bomb fire recharging counter. */
+  num bombRecharge = 0;
+
+  /** Engine thrust recharge counter. */
+  num thrustRecharge = 0;
+
+  /** True if the engine thrust graphics should be rendered next frame. */
+  bool engineThrust = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Time that the player was killed - to cause a delay before respawning
+   * the player
+   */
+  num killedOn = 0;
+
+  bool fireWhenShield = false;
+
+  /** Player rendering method
+   *
+   * @param ctx {object} Canvas rendering context
+   */
+  void onRender(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    var headingRad = heading * RAD;
+
+    // render engine thrust?
+    if (engineThrust) {
+      ctx.save();
+      ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+      ctx.rotate(headingRad);
+      ctx.globalAlpha = 0.5 + random() * 0.5;
+      ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "lighter";
+      ctx.fillStyle = Colours.PLAYER_THRUST;
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.moveTo(-5, 8);
+      ctx.lineTo(5, 8);
+      ctx.lineTo(0, 18 + random() * 6);
+      ctx.closePath();
+      ctx.fill();
+      ctx.restore();
+      engineThrust = false;
+    }
+
+    // render player graphic
+    var size = (PLAYER_RADIUS * 2) + 6;
+    // normalise the player heading to 0-359 degrees
+    // then locate the correct frame in the sprite strip -
+    // an image for each 4 degrees of rotation
+    var normAngle = heading.floor() % 360;
+    if (normAngle < 0) {
+       normAngle = 360 + normAngle;
+    }
+    ctx.save();
+    drawScaledImage(ctx, g_playerImg,
+        0, (normAngle / 4).floor() * 64, 64,
+        position.x - (size / 2), position.y - (size / 2), size);
+    ctx.restore();
+
+    // shield up? if so render a shield graphic around the ship
+    if (shieldCounter > 0 && energy > 0) {
+      // render shield graphic bitmap
+      ctx.save();
+      ctx.translate(position.x, position.y);
+      ctx.rotate(headingRad);
+      renderSprite(ctx, -SHIELD_RADIUS-1,
+          -SHIELD_RADIUS-1, (SHIELD_RADIUS * 2) + 2);
+      ctx.restore();
+
+      shieldCounter--;
+      energy -= 1.5;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Execute player forward thrust request. */
+  void thrust() {
+    // now test we did not thrust too recently, based on time since last thrust
+    // request - ensures same thrust at any framerate
+    if (frameStart - thrustRecharge > THRUST_DELAY_MS) {
+      // update last thrust time
+      thrustRecharge = frameStart;
+
+      // generate a small thrust vector
+      var t = new Vector(0.0, -0.5);
+
+      // rotate thrust vector by player current heading
+      t.rotate(heading * RAD);
+
+      // add player thrust vector to position
+      velocity.add(t);
+
+      // player can't exceed maximum velocity - scale vector down if
+      // this occurs - do this rather than not adding the thrust at all
+      // otherwise the player cannot turn and thrust at max velocity
+      if (velocity.length() > MAX_PLAYER_VELOCITY) {
+        velocity.scale(MAX_PLAYER_VELOCITY / velocity.length());
+      }
+    }
+    // mark so that we know to render engine thrust graphics
+    engineThrust = true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute player active shield request.
+   * If energy remaining the shield will be briefly applied.
+   */
+  void activateShield() {
+    // ensure shield stays up for a brief pulse between key presses!
+    if (energy >= SHIELD_MIN_PULSE) {
+      shieldCounter = SHIELD_MIN_PULSE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool isShieldActive() => (shieldCounter > 0 && energy > 0);
+
+  get radius => (isShieldActive() ? SHIELD_RADIUS : PLAYER_RADIUS);
+
+  bool expired() => !(alive);
+
+  void kill() {
+    alive = false;
+    killedOn = frameStart;
+  }
+
+   /** Fire primary weapon(s). */
+
+  void firePrimary(List bulletList) {
+    var playedSound = false;
+    // attempt to fire the primary weapon(s)
+    // first ensure player is alive and the shield is not up
+    if (alive && (!isShieldActive() || fireWhenShield)) {
+      for (var w in primaryWeapons.keys) {
+        var b = primaryWeapons[w].fire();
+        if (b != null) {
+          for (var i=0; i<b.length; i++) {
+            bulletList.add(b[i]);
+          }
+          if (!playedSound) {
+            soundManager.play('laser');
+            playedSound = true;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire secondary weapon.
+   * @param bulletList {Array} to add bullet to on success
+   */
+  void fireSecondary(List bulletList) {
+    // Attempt to fire the secondary weapon and generate bomb object if
+    // successful. First ensure player is alive and the shield is not up.
+    if (alive && (!isShieldActive() || fireWhenShield) && energy > BOMB_ENERGY){
+      // now test we did not fire too recently
+      if (frameStart - bombRecharge > BOMB_RECHARGE_MS) {
+        // ok, update last fired time and we can now generate a bomb
+        bombRecharge = frameStart;
+
+        // decrement energy supply
+        energy -= BOMB_ENERGY;
+
+        // generate a vector rotated to the player heading and then add the
+        // current player vector to give the bomb the correct directional
+        // momentum.
+        var t = new Vector(0.0, -3.0);
+        t.rotate(heading * RAD);
+        t.add(velocity);
+
+        bulletList.add(new Bomb(position.clone(), t));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void onUpdate(_) {
+    // slowly recharge the shield - if not active
+    if (!isShieldActive() && energy < ENERGY_INIT) {
+      energy += 0.1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void reset(bool persistPowerUps) {
+    // reset energy, alive status, weapons and power up flags
+    alive = true;
+    if (!persistPowerUps) {
+      primaryWeapons = {};
+      primaryWeapons["main"] = new PrimaryWeapon(this);
+      fireWhenShield = false;
+    }
+    energy = ENERGY_INIT + SHIELD_MIN_PULSE;  // for shield as below
+
+    // active shield briefly
+    activateShield();
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Image Preloader class. Executes the supplied callback function once all
+ * registered images are loaded by the browser.
+ */
+class Preloader {
+  Preloader() {
+    images = new List();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Image list
+   *
+   * @property images
+   * @type Array
+   */
+  var images = [];
+
+  /**
+   * Callback function
+   *
+   * @property callback
+   * @type Function
+   */
+  var callback = null;
+
+  /**
+   * Images loaded so far counter
+   */
+  var counter = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Add an image to the list of images to wait for
+   */
+  void addImage(ImageElement img, String url) {
+    var me = this;
+    img.src = url;
+    // attach closure to the image onload handler
+    img.onLoad.listen((_) {
+      me.counter++;
+      if (me.counter == me.images.length) {
+        // all images are loaded - execute callback function
+        me.callback();
+      }
+    });
+    images.add(img);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Load the images and call the supplied function when ready
+   */
+  void onLoadCallback(Function fn) {
+    counter = 0;
+    callback = fn;
+    // load the images
+    //for (var i=0, j = images.length; i<j; i++) {
+     // images[i].src = images[i].url;
+    //}
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Game prerenderer class.
+ */
+class GamePrerenderer {
+  GamePrerenderer();
+
+ /**
+  * Image list. Keyed by renderer ID - returning an array also. So to get
+  * the first image output by prerenderer with id "default":
+  * images["default"][0]
+  */
+  Map images = {};
+  Map _renderers = {};
+
+  /** Add a renderer function to the list of renderers to execute. */
+  addRenderer(Function fn, String id) => _renderers[id] = fn;
+
+
+  /** Execute all prerender functions. */
+  void execute() {
+    var buffer = new CanvasElement();
+    for (var id in _renderers.keys) {
+      images[id] = _renderers[id](buffer);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Asteroids prerenderer class.
+ *
+ * Encapsulates the early rendering of various effects used in the game. Each
+ * effect is rendered once to a hidden canvas object, the image data is
+ * extracted and stored in an Image object - which can then be reused later.
+ * This is much faster than rendering each effect again and again at runtime.
+ *
+ * The downside to this is that some constants are duplicated here and in the
+ * original classes - so updates to the original classes such as the weapon
+ * effects must be duplicated here.
+ */
+class Prerenderer extends GamePrerenderer {
+  Prerenderer() : super() {
+
+    // function to generate a set of point particle images
+    var fnPointRenderer = (CanvasElement buffer, String colour) {
+      var imgs = [];
+      for (var size = 3; size <= 6; size++) {
+        var width = size << 1;
+        buffer.width = buffer.height = width;
+        CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx = buffer.getContext('2d');
+        var radgrad = ctx.createRadialGradient(size, size, size >> 1,
+            size, size, size);
+        radgrad.addColorStop(0, colour);
+        radgrad.addColorStop(1, "#000");
+        ctx.fillStyle = radgrad;
+        ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, width);
+        var img = new ImageElement();
+        img.src = buffer.toDataUrl("image/png");
+        imgs.add(img);
+      }
+      return imgs;
+    };
+
+    // add the various point particle image prerenderers based on above function
+    // default explosion colour
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+      return fnPointRenderer(buffer, Colours.PARTICLE);
+    }, "points_${Colours.PARTICLE}");
+
+    // player bullet impact particles
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+      return fnPointRenderer(buffer, Colours.GREEN_LASER);
+    }, "points_${Colours.GREEN_LASER}");
+
+    // enemy bullet impact particles
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+      return fnPointRenderer(buffer, Colours.ENEMY_SHIP);
+    }, "points_${Colours.ENEMY_SHIP}");
+
+    // add the smudge explosion particle image prerenderer
+    var fnSmudgeRenderer = (CanvasElement buffer, String colour) {
+      var imgs = [];
+      for (var size = 4; size <= 32; size += 4) {
+        var width = size << 1;
+        buffer.width = buffer.height = width;
+        CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx = buffer.getContext('2d');
+        var radgrad = ctx.createRadialGradient(size, size, size >> 3,
+            size, size, size);
+        radgrad.addColorStop(0, colour);
+        radgrad.addColorStop(1, "#000");
+        ctx.fillStyle = radgrad;
+        ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, width);
+        var img = new ImageElement();
+        img.src = buffer.toDataUrl("image/png");
+        imgs.add(img);
+      }
+      return imgs;
+    };
+
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+      return fnSmudgeRenderer(buffer, Colours.PARTICLE);
+    }, "smudges_${Colours.PARTICLE}");
+
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+      return fnSmudgeRenderer(buffer, Colours.ENEMY_SHIP);
+    }, "smudges_${Colours.ENEMY_SHIP}");
+
+    // standard player bullet
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+    //   NOTE: keep in sync with Asteroids.Bullet
+      var BULLET_WIDTH = 2, BULLET_HEIGHT = 6;
+      var imgs = [];
+      buffer.width = BULLET_WIDTH + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2;
+      buffer.height = BULLET_HEIGHT + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2;
+      CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx = buffer.getContext('2d');
+
+      var rf = (width, height) {
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        ctx.moveTo(0, height);
+        ctx.lineTo(width, 0);
+        ctx.lineTo(0, -height);
+        ctx.lineTo(-width, 0);
+        ctx.closePath();
+      };
+
+      ctx.shadowBlur = GLOWSHADOWBLUR;
+      ctx.translate(buffer.width * 0.5, buffer.height * 0.5);
+      ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.GREEN_LASER_DARK;
+      rf(BULLET_WIDTH-1, BULLET_HEIGHT-1);
+      ctx.fill();
+      ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.GREEN_LASER;
+      rf(BULLET_WIDTH, BULLET_HEIGHT);
+      ctx.fill();
+      var img = new ImageElement();
+      img.src = buffer.toDataUrl("image/png");
+      return img;
+    }, "bullet");
+
+    // player bullet X2
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+      // NOTE: keep in sync with Asteroids.BulletX2
+      var BULLET_WIDTH = 2, BULLET_HEIGHT = 6;
+      buffer.width = BULLET_WIDTH + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*4;
+      buffer.height = BULLET_HEIGHT + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2;
+      CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx = buffer.getContext('2d');
+
+      var rf = (width, height) {
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        ctx.moveTo(0, height);
+        ctx.lineTo(width, 0);
+        ctx.lineTo(0, -height);
+        ctx.lineTo(-width, 0);
+        ctx.closePath();
+      };
+
+      ctx.shadowBlur = GLOWSHADOWBLUR;
+      ctx.translate(buffer.width * 0.5, buffer.height * 0.5);
+      ctx.save();
+      ctx.translate(-4, 0);
+      ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.GREEN_LASERX2_DARK;
+      rf(BULLET_WIDTH-1, BULLET_HEIGHT-1);
+      ctx.fill();
+      ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.GREEN_LASERX2;
+      rf(BULLET_WIDTH, BULLET_HEIGHT);
+      ctx.fill();
+      ctx.translate(8, 0);
+      ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.GREEN_LASERX2_DARK;
+      rf(BULLET_WIDTH-1, BULLET_HEIGHT-1);
+      ctx.fill();
+      ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.GREEN_LASERX2;
+      rf(BULLET_WIDTH, BULLET_HEIGHT);
+      ctx.fill();
+      ctx.restore();
+      var img = new ImageElement();
+      img.src = buffer.toDataUrl("image/png");
+      return img;
+    }, "bulletx2");
+
+    // player bomb weapon
+    addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+      // NOTE: keep in sync with Asteroids.Bomb
+      var BOMB_RADIUS = 4;
+      buffer.width = buffer.height = BOMB_RADIUS*2 + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2;
+      CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx = buffer.getContext('2d');
+
+      var rf = () {
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        ctx.moveTo(BOMB_RADIUS * 2, 0);
+        for (var i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
+          ctx.rotate(PIO8);
+          if (i % 2 == 0) {
+            ctx.lineTo((BOMB_RADIUS * 2 / 0.525731) * 0.200811, 0);
+          } else {
+            ctx.lineTo(BOMB_RADIUS * 2, 0);
+          }
+        }
+        ctx.closePath();
+      };
+
+      ctx.shadowBlur = GLOWSHADOWBLUR;
+      ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.PLAYER_BOMB;
+      ctx.translate(buffer.width * 0.5, buffer.height * 0.5);
+      rf();
+      ctx.fill();
+
+      var img = new ImageElement();
+      img.src = buffer.toDataUrl("image/png");
+      return img;
+    }, "bomb");
+
+  //enemy weapon
+  addRenderer((CanvasElement buffer) {
+    // NOTE: keep in sync with Asteroids.EnemyBullet
+    var BULLET_RADIUS = 4;
+    var imgs = [];
+    buffer.width = buffer.height = BULLET_RADIUS*2 + GLOWSHADOWBLUR*2;
+    CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx = buffer.getContext('2d');
+
+    var rf = () {
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.moveTo(BULLET_RADIUS * 2, 0);
+      for (var i=0; i<7; i++) {
+        ctx.rotate(PIO4);
+        if (i % 2 == 0) {
+          ctx.lineTo((BULLET_RADIUS * 2/0.525731) * 0.200811, 0);
+        } else {
+          ctx.lineTo(BULLET_RADIUS * 2, 0);
+        }
+      }
+      ctx.closePath();
+    };
+
+    ctx.shadowBlur = GLOWSHADOWBLUR;
+    ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle = Colours.ENEMY_SHIP;
+    ctx.translate(buffer.width * 0.5, buffer.height * 0.5);
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    ctx.arc(0, 0, BULLET_RADIUS-1, 0, TWOPI, true);
+    ctx.closePath();
+    ctx.fill();
+    rf();
+    ctx.fill();
+
+    var img = new ImageElement();
+    img.src = buffer.toDataUrl("image/png");
+    return img;
+  }, "enemybullet");
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Game scene base class.
+ */
+class Scene {
+  bool playable;
+  Interval interval;
+
+  Scene([this.playable = true, this.interval = null]);
+
+  /** Return true if this scene should update the actor list. */
+  bool isPlayable() => playable;
+
+  void onInitScene() {
+    if (interval != null) {
+      // reset interval flag
+      interval.reset();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void onBeforeRenderScene() {}
+  void onRenderScene(ctx) {}
+  void onRenderInterval(ctx) {}
+  void onMouseDownHandler(e) {}
+  void onMouseUpHandler(e) {}
+  void onKeyDownHandler(int keyCode) {}
+  void onKeyUpHandler(int keyCode) {}
+  bool isComplete() => false;
+
+  bool onAccelerometer(double x, double y, double z) {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+class SoundManager {
+
+  Map sounds = {};
+
+  void createSound(Map props) {
+    var a = new AudioElement();
+    a.volume = props['volume'] / 100.0;;
+    a.src = props['url'];
+    sounds[props['id']] = a;
+  }
+
+  void play(String id) {
+    sounds[id].play();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * An actor that can be rendered by a bitmap. The sprite handling code deals
+ * with the increment of the current frame within the supplied bitmap sprite
+ * strip image, based on animation direction, animation speed and the animation
+ * length before looping. Call renderSprite() each frame.
+ *
+ * NOTE: by default sprites source images are 64px wide 64px by N frames high
+ * and scaled to the appropriate final size. Any other size input source should
+ * be set in the constructor.
+ */
+class SpriteActor extends Actor {
+  SpriteActor(Vector position, Vector vector, [this.frameSize = 64])
+      : super(position, vector);
+
+  /** Size in pixels of the width/height of an individual frame in the image. */
+  int frameSize;
+
+  /**
+   * Animation image sprite reference.
+   * Sprite image sources are all currently 64px wide 64px by N frames high.
+   */
+  ImageElement animImage = null;
+
+  /** Length in frames of the sprite animation. */
+  int animLength = 0;
+
+  /** Animation direction, true for forward, false for reverse. */
+  bool animForward = true;
+
+  /** Animation frame inc/dec speed. */
+  double animSpeed = 1.0;
+
+  /** Current animation frame index. */
+  int animFrame = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Render sprite graphic based on current anim image, frame and anim direction
+   * Automatically updates the current anim frame.
+   */
+  void renderSprite(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx, num x, num y, num s) {
+    renderImage(ctx, animImage, 0, animFrame << 6, frameSize, x, y, s);
+
+    // update animation frame index
+    if (animForward) {
+      animFrame += (animSpeed * frameMultiplier).toInt();
+      if (animFrame >= animLength) {
+        animFrame = 0;
+      }
+    } else {
+      animFrame -= (animSpeed * frameMultiplier).toInt();
+      if (animFrame < 0) {
+        animFrame = animLength - 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class Star {
+  Star();
+
+  double MAXZ = 12.0;
+  double VELOCITY = 0.85;
+
+  num x = 0;
+  num y = 0;
+  num z = 0;
+  num prevx = 0;
+  num prevy = 0;
+
+  void init() {
+    // select a random point for the initial location
+    prevx = prevy = 0;
+    x = (random() * GameHandler.width - (GameHandler.width * 0.5)) * MAXZ;
+    y = (random() * GameHandler.height - (GameHandler.height * 0.5)) * MAXZ;
+    z = MAXZ;
+  }
+
+  void render(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx) {
+    var xx = x / z;
+    var yy = y / z;
+
+    if (prevx != 0) {
+      ctx.lineWidth = 1.0 / z * 5 + 1;
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.moveTo(prevx + (GameHandler.width * 0.5),
+          prevy + (GameHandler.height * 0.5));
+      ctx.lineTo(xx + (GameHandler.width * 0.5),
+          yy + (GameHandler.height * 0.5));
+      ctx.stroke();
+    }
+
+    prevx = xx;
+    prevy = yy;
+  }
+}
+
+void drawText(CanvasRenderingContext2D g,
+              String txt, String font, num x, num y,
+              [String color]) {
+   g.save();
+   if (color != null) g.strokeStyle = color;
+   g.font = font;
+   g.strokeText(txt, x, y);
+   g.restore();
+}
+
+void centerDrawText(CanvasRenderingContext2D g, String txt, String font, num y,
+                    [String color]) {
+  g.save();
+  if (color != null) g.strokeStyle = color;
+  g.font = font;
+  g.strokeText(txt, (GameHandler.width - g.measureText(txt).width) / 2, y);
+  g.restore();
+}
+
+void fillText(CanvasRenderingContext2D g, String txt, String font, num x, num y,
+              [String color]) {
+  g.save();
+  if (color != null) g.fillStyle = color;
+  g.font = font;
+  g.fillText(txt, x, y);
+  g.restore();
+}
+
+void centerFillText(CanvasRenderingContext2D g, String txt, String font, num y,
+                    [String color]) {
+  g.save();
+  if (color != null) g.fillStyle = color;
+  g.font = font;
+  g.fillText(txt, (GameHandler.width - g.measureText(txt).width) / 2, y);
+  g.restore();
+}
+
+void drawScaledImage(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx, ImageElement image,
+                 num nx, num ny, num ns, num x, num y, num s) {
+  ctx.drawImageToRect(image, new Rect(x, y, s, s),
+      sourceRect: new Rect(nx, ny, ns, ns));
+}
+/**
+ * This method will automatically correct for objects moving on/off
+ * a cyclic canvas play area - if so it will render the appropriate stencil
+ * sections of the sprite top/bottom/left/right as needed to complete the image.
+ * Note that this feature can only be used if the sprite is absolutely
+ * positioned and not translated/rotated into position by canvas operations.
+ */
+void renderImage(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx, ImageElement image,
+                 num nx, num ny, num ns, num x, num y, num s) {
+  print("renderImage(_,$nx,$ny,$ns,$ns,$x,$y,$s,$s)");
+  ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(image, nx, ny, ns, ns, x, y, s, s);
+
+  if (x < 0) {
+    ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(image, nx, ny, ns, ns,
+        GameHandler.width + x, y, s, s);
+  }
+  if (y < 0) {
+    ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(image, nx, ny, ns, ns,
+        x, GameHandler.height + y, s, s);
+  }
+  if (x < 0 && y < 0) {
+    ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(image, nx, ny, ns, ns,
+       GameHandler.width + x, GameHandler.height + y, s, s);
+  }
+  if (x + s > GameHandler.width) {
+    ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(image, nx, ny, ns, ns,
+       x - GameHandler.width, y, s, s);
+  }
+  if (y + s > GameHandler.height) {
+    ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(image, nx, ny, ns, ns,
+       x, y - GameHandler.height, s, s);
+  }
+  if (x + s > GameHandler.width && y + s > GameHandler.height) {
+    ctx.drawImageScaledFromSource(image, nx, ny, ns, ns,
+       x - GameHandler.width, y - GameHandler.height, s, s);
+  }
+}
+
+void renderImageRotated(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx, ImageElement image,
+                        num x, num y, num w, num h, num r) {
+  var w2 = w*0.5, h2 = h*0.5;
+  var rf = (tx, ty) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.translate(tx, ty);
+    ctx.rotate(r);
+    ctx.drawImage(image, -w2, -h2);
+    ctx.restore();
+  };
+
+  rf(x, y);
+
+  if (x - w2 < 0) {
+    rf(GameHandler.width + x, y);
+  }
+  if (y - h2 < 0) {
+    rf(x, GameHandler.height + y);
+  }
+  if (x - w2 < 0 && y - h2 < 0)  {
+    rf(GameHandler.width + x, GameHandler.height + y);
+  }
+  if (x - w2 + w > GameHandler.width) {
+    rf(x - GameHandler.width, y);
+  }
+  if (y - h2 + h > GameHandler.height){
+    rf(x, y - GameHandler.height);
+  }
+  if (x - w2 + w > GameHandler.width && y - h2 + h > GameHandler.height) {
+    rf(x - GameHandler.width, y - GameHandler.height);
+  }
+}
+
+void renderImageRotated2(CanvasRenderingContext2D ctx, ImageElement image,
+                        num x, num y, num w, num h, num r) {
+  print("Rendering rotated sprite ${image.src} to dest $x,$y");
+  var w2 = w*0.5, h2 = h*0.5;
+  var rf = (tx, ty) {
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.translate(tx, ty);
+    ctx.rotate(r);
+    ctx.drawImage(image, -w2, -h2);
+    ctx.restore();
+  };
+
+  rf(x, y);
+
+  if (x - w2 < 0) {
+    rf(GameHandler.width + x, y);
+  }
+  if (y - h2 < 0) {
+    rf(x, GameHandler.height + y);
+  }
+  if (x - w2 < 0 && y - h2 < 0)  {
+    rf(GameHandler.width + x, GameHandler.height + y);
+  }
+  if (x - w2 + w > GameHandler.width) {
+    rf(x - GameHandler.width, y);
+  }
+  if (y - h2 + h > GameHandler.height){
+    rf(x, y - GameHandler.height);
+  }
+  if (x - w2 + w > GameHandler.width && y - h2 + h > GameHandler.height) {
+    rf(x - GameHandler.width, y - GameHandler.height);
+  }
+}
+
+class Vector {
+  num x, y;
+
+  Vector(this.x, this.y);
+
+  Vector clone() => new Vector(x, y);
+
+  void set(Vector v) {
+    x = v.x;
+    y = v.y;
+  }
+
+  Vector add(Vector v) {
+    x += v.x;
+    y += v.y;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Vector nadd(Vector v) => new Vector(x + v.x, y + v.y);
+
+  Vector sub(Vector v) {
+    x -= v.x;
+    y -= v.y;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Vector nsub(Vector v) => new Vector(x - v.x, y - v.y);
+
+  double dot(Vector v) => x * v.x + y * v.y;
+
+  double length() => Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y);
+
+  double distance(Vector v) {
+    var dx = x - v.x;
+    var dy = y - v.y;
+    return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
+  }
+
+  double theta() => Math.atan2(y, x);
+
+  double thetaTo(Vector vec) {
+    // calc angle between the two vectors
+    var v = clone().norm();
+    var w = vec.clone().norm();
+    return Math.sqrt(v.dot(w));
+  }
+
+  double thetaTo2(Vector vec) =>
+      Math.atan2(vec.y, vec.x) - Math.atan2(y, x);
+
+  Vector norm() {
+    var len = length();
+    x /= len;
+    y /= len;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Vector nnorm() {
+    var len = length();
+    return new Vector(x / len, y / len);
+  }
+
+  rotate(num a) {
+    var ca = Math.cos(a);
+    var sa = Math.sin(a);
+    var newx = x*ca - y*sa;
+    var newy = x*sa + y*ca;
+    x = newx;
+    y = newy;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Vector nrotate(num a) {
+    var ca = Math.cos(a);
+    var sa = Math.sin(a);
+    return new Vector(x * ca - y * sa, x * sa + y * ca);
+  }
+
+  Vector invert() {
+    x = -x;
+    y = -y;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Vector ninvert() {
+    return new Vector(-x, -y);
+  }
+
+  Vector scale(num s) {
+    x *= s;
+    y *= s;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Vector nscale(num s) {
+    return new Vector(x * s, y * s);
+  }
+
+  Vector scaleTo(num s) {
+    var len = s / length();
+    x *= len;
+    y *= len;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  nscaleTo(num s) {
+    var len = s / length();
+    return new Vector(x * len, y * len);
+  }
+
+  trim(num minx, num maxx, num miny, num maxy) {
+    if (x < minx) x = minx;
+    else if (x > maxx) x = maxx;
+    if (y < miny) y = miny;
+    else if (y > maxy) y = maxy;
+  }
+
+  wrap(num minx, num maxx, num miny, num maxy) {
+    if (x < minx) x = maxx;
+    else if (x > maxx) x = minx;
+    if (y < miny) y = maxy;
+    else if (y > maxy) y = miny;
+  }
+
+  String toString() => "<$x, $y>";
+}
+
+class Weapon {
+  Weapon(this.player, [this.rechargeTime = 125]);
+
+  int rechargeTime;
+  int lastFired = 0;
+  Player player;
+
+  bool canFire() =>
+      (GameHandler.frameStart - lastFired) >= rechargeTime;
+
+  List fire() {
+    if (canFire()) {
+      lastFired = GameHandler.frameStart;
+      return doFire();
+    }
+  }
+
+  Bullet makeBullet(double headingDelta, double vectorY,
+                    [int lifespan = 1300]) {
+    var h = player.heading - headingDelta;
+    var t = new Vector(0.0, vectorY).rotate(h * RAD).add(player.velocity);
+    return new Bullet(player.position.clone(), t, h, lifespan);
+  }
+
+  List doFire() => [];
+}
+
+class PrimaryWeapon extends Weapon {
+  PrimaryWeapon(Player player) : super(player);
+
+  List doFire() => [ makeBullet(0.0, -4.5) ];
+}
+
+class TwinCannonsWeapon extends Weapon {
+  TwinCannonsWeapon(Player player) : super(player, 150);
+
+  List doFire() {
+    var h = player.heading;
+    var t = new Vector(0.0, -4.5).rotate(h * RAD).add(player.velocity);
+    return [ new BulletX2(player.position.clone(), t, h) ];
+  }
+}
+
+class VSprayCannonsWeapon extends Weapon {
+  VSprayCannonsWeapon(Player player) : super(player, 250);
+
+  List doFire() =>
+      [ makeBullet(-15.0, -3.75),
+        makeBullet(0.0, -3.75),
+        makeBullet(15.0, -3.75) ];
+}
+
+class SideGunWeapon extends Weapon {
+  SideGunWeapon(Player player) : super(player, 250);
+
+  List doFire() =>
+      [ makeBullet(-90.0, -4.5, 750),
+        makeBullet(+90.0, -4.5, 750)];
+}
+
+class RearGunWeapon extends Weapon {
+  RearGunWeapon(Player player) : super(player, 250);
+
+  List doFire() => [makeBullet(180.0, -4.5, 750)];
+}
+
+class Input {
+  bool left, right, thrust, shield, fireA, fireB;
+
+  Input() { reset(); }
+
+  void reset() {
+    left = right = thrust = shield = fireA = fireB = false;
+  }
+}
+
+void resize(int w, int h) {}
+
+
+void setup(canvasp, int w, int h) {
+  var canvas;
+  if (canvasp == null) {
+    log("Allocating canvas");
+    canvas = new CanvasElement(width: w, height: h);
+    document.body.nodes.add(canvas);
+  } else {
+    log("Using parent canvas");
+    canvas = canvasp;
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    g_asteroidImgs.add(new ImageElement());
+  }
+  // attach to the image onload handler
+  // once the background is loaded, we can boot up the game
+  g_backgroundImg.onLoad.listen((e) {
+    // init our game with Game.Main derived instance
+    log("Loaded background image ${g_backgroundImg.src}");
+    GameHandler.init(canvas);
+    GameHandler.start(new AsteroidsMain());
+  });
+  g_backgroundImg.src = 'bg3_1.png';
+  loadSounds();
+}
+
+void loadSounds() {
+  soundManager = new SoundManager();
+  // load game sounds
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'laser',
+    'url': 'laser.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 40,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'enemy_bomb',
+    'url': 'enemybomb.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 60,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'big_boom',
+    'url': 'bigboom.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 50,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'asteroid_boom1',
+    'url': 'explosion1.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 50,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'asteroid_boom2',
+    'url': 'explosion2.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 50,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'asteroid_boom3',
+    'url': 'explosion3.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 50,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'asteroid_boom4',
+    'url': 'explosion4.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 50,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+  soundManager.createSound({
+    'id': 'powerup',
+    'url': 'powerup.$sfx_extension',
+    'volume': 50,
+    'autoLoad': true,
+    'multiShot': true
+  });
+}
+
+
+
+
+