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| - <h1 class="page_title">Accessibility (a11y)</h1>
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| - <h2>Contents</h2>
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| - <a href="#controls">Use accessible UI controls</a>
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| - <ol>
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| - <li>
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| - <a href="#htmlcontrols">Standard controls</a>
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| - </li><li>
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| - <a href="#aria">ARIA in custom controls</a>
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| - <a href="#focus">Focus in custom controls</a>
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| - <a href="#keyboard"> Support keyboard access </a>
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| - <a href="#shortcuts"> Shortcuts </a>
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| - </li>
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| - </ol>
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| - </li><li>
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| - <a href="#more"> Provide accessible content </a>
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| - <ol>
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| - <li>
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| - <a href="#text">Text</a>
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| - </li><li>
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| - <a href="#colors">Colors</a>
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| - </li><li>
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| - <a href="#sound">Sound</a>
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| - <div id="static"><div id="pageData-name" class="pageData">Accessibility (a11y)</div>
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| -<div id="pageData-showTOC" class="pageData">true</div>
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| -<p>
|
| -When you design an extension,
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| -try to make it as accessible as possible
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| -to people with disabilities such as
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| -visual impairment, hearing loss, and limited dexterity.
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| -</p>
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| -<p>
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| -Everyone — not just people with special needs —
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| -can benefit from the alternative access modes
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| -that accessible extensions provide.
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| -For example, keyboard shortcuts are important
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| -for blind people and people with limited dexterity,
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| -but they also help power users get things done
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| -more quickly without using a mouse.
|
| -Captions and transcripts give deaf people access to audio content,
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| -but they are also useful to language learners.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -People can interact with your extension in a variety of ways.
|
| -They might use a standard monitor, keyboard, and mouse,
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| -or they might use a screen magnifier and just a keyboard.
|
| -Another possibility is a <em>screen reader</em>,
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| -an assistive application tool that interprets
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| -what's displayed onscreen
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| -for a blind or visually impaired user.
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| -A screen reader might speak out loud or produce Braille output.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Although you can't predict what tools people will use,
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| -by following a few simple guidelines
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| -you can write an extension that is
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| -more likely to be accessible to more people.
|
| -The guidelines on this page aren't going to
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| -make your extension accessible for absolutely everyone,
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| -but they're a good starting point.
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| -</p>
|
| -<h2 id="controls">Use accessible UI controls</h2>
|
| -<p>
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| -First, use UI controls that support accessibility.
|
| -The easiest way to get an accessible control is to use a
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| -standard HTML control.
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| -If you need to build a custom control,
|
| -keep in mind that it's much easier
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| -to make the control accessible from the beginning
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| -than to go back and add accessibility support later.
|
| -</p>
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| -<h3 id="htmlcontrols">Standard controls</h3>
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| -<p>
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| -Try to use standard HTML UI controls whenever possible.
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| -Standard HTML controls (shown in the following figure)
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| -are keyboard accessible, scale easily,
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| -and are generally understood by screen readers.
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| -</p>
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| -<img src="images/a11y/standard-html-controls.png" width="550" height="350" alt="Screenshots and code for button, checkbox, radio, text, select/option, and link">
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| -<h3 id="aria">ARIA in custom controls</h3>
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| -<p>
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| -ARIA is a specification for making UI controls accessible to screen readers
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| -by means of a standard set of DOM attributes.
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| -These attributes provide clues to the screen reader
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| -about the function and current state of controls on a web page.
|
| -ARIA is a
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| -<a href=" http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/aria">work in progress at the W3C</a>.
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| -</p>
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| -<p>
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| -Adding ARIA support to custom controls in your extension
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| -involves modifying DOM elements to add attributes
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| -Google Chrome uses
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| -to raise events during user interaction.
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| -Screen readers respond to these events
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| -and describe the function of the control.
|
| -The DOM attributes specified by ARIA are classified into
|
| -<em>roles</em>, <em>states</em>, and <em>properties</em>.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
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| -The ARIA attribute <em>role</em>
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| -is an indication of the control type
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| -and describes the way the control should behave.
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| -It is expressed with the DOM attribute <code>role</code>,
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| -with a value set to one of the pre-defined ARIA role strings.
|
| -Because ARIA roles are static,
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| -the role attribute should not change its value.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -The <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria/roles">ARIA Role Specification</a>
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| -holds detailed information on how to pick the correct role.
|
| -For example, if your extension includes a toolbar,
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| -set the <code>role</code> attribute of the toolbar's DOM element as follows:
|
| -</p>
|
| -<pre><div role="toolbar">
|
| -</pre>
|
| -<p>
|
| -ARIA attributes are also used to describe
|
| -the current state and properties of controls of a particular role.
|
| -A <em>state</em> is dynamic and should be updated during user interaction.
|
| -For example, a control with the role "checkbox"
|
| -could be in the states "checked" or "unchecked".
|
| -A <em>property</em> is not generally dynamic,
|
| -but is similar to a state
|
| -in that it expresses specific information about a control.
|
| -For more information on ARIA states and properties,
|
| -refer to the
|
| -<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/states_and_properties">W3C States and Properties specification</a>.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p class="note">
|
| -<b>Note:</b>
|
| -You don't have to use
|
| -all of the states and properties available for a particular role.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Here's an example of adding
|
| -the ARIA property <code>aria-activedescendant</code>
|
| -to the example toolbar control:
|
| -</p>
|
| -<pre><div role="toolbar" tabindex="0" aria-activedescendant="button1">
|
| -</pre>
|
| -<p>
|
| -The
|
| -<a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria/states_and_properties#aria-activedescendant"><code>aria-activedescendant</code></a>
|
| -property specifies which child of the toolbar receives focus
|
| -when the toolbar receives focus.
|
| -In this example, the toolbar's first button
|
| -(which has the <code>id</code> "button1")
|
| -is the child that gets focus.
|
| -The code <code>tabindex="0"</code>
|
| -specifies that the toolbar
|
| -receives focus in document order.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Here's the complete specification for the example toolbar:
|
| -</p>
|
| -<pre><div role="toolbar" tabindex="0" aria-activedescendant="button1">
|
| - <img src="buttoncut.png" role="button" alt="cut" id="button1">
|
| - <img src="buttoncopy.png" role="button" alt="copy" id="button2">
|
| - <img src="buttonpaste.png" role="button" alt="paste" id="button3">
|
| -</div>
|
| -</pre>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Once ARIA roles, states, and properties are added to the DOM of a control,
|
| -Google Chrome raises the appropriate events to the screen reader.
|
| -Because ARIA support is still a work in progress,
|
| -Google Chrome might not raise an event for every ARIA property,
|
| -and screen readers might not recognize all of the events being raised.
|
| -You can find more information on ARIA support in Google Chrome in the
|
| -<a href="http://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/accessibility#TOC-WAI-ARIA-Support">Chromium Accessibility Design Document</a>.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -For a quick tutorial on adding ARIA controls to custom controls, see
|
| -<a href="http://www.w3.org/2010/Talks/www2010-dsr-diy-aria/">Dave Raggett's presentation from WWW2010</a>.
|
| -</p><h3 id="focus">Focus in custom controls</h3>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Make sure that operation and navigation controls of your extension
|
| -can receive keyboard focus.
|
| -Operation controls might include
|
| -buttons, trees, and list boxes.
|
| -Navigation controls might include tabs and menu bars.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -By default, the only elements in the HTML DOM
|
| -that can receive keyboard focus
|
| -are anchors, buttons, and form controls.
|
| -However, setting the HTML attribute <code>tabIndex</code> to <code>0</code>
|
| -places DOM elements in the default tab sequence,
|
| -enabling them to receive keyboard focus.
|
| -For example:
|
| -</p>
|
| -<pre><em>element</em>.tabIndex = 0
|
| -</pre>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Setting <code>tabIndex = -1</code> removes the element from the tab sequence
|
| -but still allows the element to receive keyboard focus programmatically.
|
| -Here's an example of setting keyboard focus:
|
| -</p>
|
| -<pre><em>element</em>.focus();
|
| -</pre>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Ensuring that your custom UI controls include keyboard support
|
| -is important not only for users who don't use the mouse
|
| -but also because screen readers use keyboard focus
|
| -to determine which control to describe.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<h2 id="keyboard"> Support keyboard access </h2>
|
| -<p>
|
| -People should be able to use your extension
|
| -even if they can't or don't want to use a mouse.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<h3 id="navigation"> Navigation </h3>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Check that the user can navigate between
|
| -the different parts of your extension
|
| -without using the mouse.
|
| -Also check that any popups on page actions or browser actions
|
| -are keyboard navigable.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p id="builtin">
|
| -On Windows, you can use <b>Shift+Alt+T</b>
|
| -to switch the keyboard focus to the toolbar,
|
| -which lets you navigate to the icons of page actions and browser actions.
|
| -The help topic
|
| -<a href="http://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/static.py?hl=en&page=guide.cs&guide=25799&from=25799&rd=1">Keyboard and mouse shortcuts</a>
|
| -lists all of Google Chrome's keyboard shortcuts;
|
| -details about toolbar navigation
|
| -are in the section <b>Google Chrome feature shortcuts</b>.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p class="note">
|
| -<b>Note:</b>
|
| -The Windows version of Google Chrome 6 was the first
|
| -to support keyboard navigation to the toolbar.
|
| -Support is also planned for Linux.
|
| -On Mac OS X,
|
| -access to the toolbar is provided through VoiceOver,
|
| -Apple's screenreader.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Make sure that it's easy to see
|
| -which part of the interface has keyboard focus.
|
| -Usually a focus outline moves around the interface,
|
| -but if you’re using CSS heavily this outline might be suppressed
|
| -or the contrast might be reduced.
|
| -Two examples of focus outline follow.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<img src="images/a11y/focus-outline-2.png" width="200" height="75" alt="A focus outline on a Search button">
|
| -<br>
|
| -<img src="images/a11y/focus-outline.png" width="400" height="40" alt="A focus outline on one of a series of links">
|
| -<h3 id="shortcuts"> Shortcuts </h3>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Although the most common keyboard navigation strategy involves
|
| -using the Tab key to move focus through the extension interface,
|
| -that's not always the easiest or most efficient way
|
| -to use the interface.
|
| -You can make keyboard navigation easier
|
| -by providing explicit keyboard shortcuts.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -To implement shortcuts,
|
| -connect keyboard event listeners to your controls.
|
| -A good reference is the DHTML Style Guide Working Group’s
|
| -<a href="http://dev.aol.com/dhtml_style_guide">guidelines for keyboard shortcuts</a>.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -A good way to ensure discoverability of keyboard shortcuts
|
| -is to list them somewhere.
|
| -Your extension’s
|
| -<a href="options.html">Options page</a>
|
| -might be a good place to do this.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -For the example toolbar,
|
| -a simple JavaScript keyboard handler could look like the following.
|
| -Note how the ARIA property <code>aria-activedescendant</code>
|
| -is updated in response to user input
|
| -to reflect the current active toolbar button.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<pre><head>
|
| -<script>
|
| - function optionKeyEvent(event) {
|
| - var tb = event.target;
|
| - var buttonid;
|
| - ENTER_KEYCODE = 13;
|
| - RIGHT_KEYCODE = 39;
|
| - LEFT_KEYCODE = 37;
|
| - // Partial sample code for processing arrow keys.
|
| - if (event.type == "keydown") {
|
| - // Implement circular keyboard navigation within the toolbar buttons
|
| - if (event.keyCode == ENTER_KEYCODE) {
|
| - ExecuteButtonAction(getCurrentButtonID());
|
| - <em>// getCurrentButtonID defined elsewhere </em>
|
| - } else if (event.keyCode == event.RIGHT_KEYCODE) {
|
| - // Change the active toolbar button to the one to the right (circular).
|
| - var buttonid = getNextButtonID();
|
| - <em>// getNextButtonID defined elsewhere </em>
|
| - tb.setAttribute("aria-activedescendant", buttonid);
|
| - } else if (event.keyCode == event.LEFT_KEYCODE) {
|
| - // Change the active toolbar button to the one to the left (circular).
|
| - var buttonid = getPrevButtonID();
|
| - <em>// getPrevButtonID defined elsewhere </em>
|
| - tb.setAttribute("aria-activedescendant", buttonid);
|
| - } else {
|
| - return true;
|
| - }
|
| - return false;
|
| - }
|
| -}
|
| -</script>
|
| -<div role="toolbar" tabindex="0" aria-activedescendant="button1" id="tb1"
|
| - onkeydown="return optionKeyEvent(event);"
|
| - onkeypress="return optionKeyEvent(event);">
|
| - <img src="buttoncut" role="button" alt="cut" id="button1">
|
| - <img src="buttoncopy" role="button" alt="copy" id="button1">
|
| - <img src="buttonpaste" role="button" alt="paste" id="button1">
|
| -</div>
|
| -</pre>
|
| -<h2 id="more"> Provide accessible content </h2>
|
| -<p>
|
| -The remaining guidelines might be familiar
|
| -because they reflect good practices for all web content,
|
| -not just extensions.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<h3 id="text">Text</h3>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Evaluate your use of text in your extension.
|
| -Many people might find it helpful
|
| -if you provide a way to increase the text size within your extension.
|
| -If you are using keyboard shortcuts,
|
| -make sure that they don't interfere with
|
| -the zoom shortcuts built into Google Chrome.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -As an indicator of the flexibility of your UI,
|
| -apply the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/#visual-audio-contrast-scale">200% test</a>.
|
| -If you increase the text size or page zoom 200%,
|
| -is your extension still usable?
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Also, avoid baking text into images:
|
| -users cannot modify the size of text displayed as an image,
|
| -and screenreaders cannot interpret images.
|
| -Consider using a web font instead,
|
| -such as one of the fonts collected in the
|
| -<a href="http://code.google.com/apis/webfonts/">Google Font API</a>.
|
| -Text styled in a web font is searchable,
|
| -scales to different sizes,
|
| -and is accessible to people using screen readers.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<h3 id="colors">Colors</h3>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Check that there is sufficient contrast between
|
| -background color and foreground/text color in your extension.
|
| -<a href="http://snook.ca/technical/colour_contrast/colour.html">This contrast checking tool</a>
|
| -checks whether your background and foreground colors
|
| -provide appropriate contrast.
|
| -If you’re developing in a Windows environment,
|
| -you can also enable High Contrast Mode
|
| -to check the contrast of your extension.
|
| -When evaluating contrast,
|
| -verify that every part of your extension that relies on
|
| -color or graphics to convey information is clearly visible.
|
| -For specific images, you can use a tool such as the
|
| -<a href="http://www.vischeck.com/vischeck/">Vischeck simulation tool</a>
|
| -to see what an image looks like in various forms of color deficiency.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -You might consider offering different color themes,
|
| -or giving the user the ability to customize the color scheme
|
| -for better contrast.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<h3 id="sound">Sound</h3>
|
| -<p>
|
| -If your extension relies upon sound or video to convey information,
|
| -ensure that captions or a transcript are available.
|
| -See the
|
| -<a href="http://www.dcmp.org/ciy/">Described and Captioned Media Program guidelines</a>
|
| -for more information on captions.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<h3 id="images">Images</h3>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Provide informative alt text for your images.
|
| -For example:
|
| -</p>
|
| -<pre><img src="img.jpg" alt="The logo for the extension">
|
| -</pre>
|
| -<p>
|
| -Use the alt text to state the purpose of the image
|
| -rather than as a literal description of the contents of an image.
|
| -Spacer images or purely decorative images
|
| -should have blank ("") alt text
|
| -or be removed from the HTML entirely and placed in the CSS.
|
| -</p>
|
| -<p>
|
| -If you must use text in an image,
|
| -include the image text in the alt text.
|
| -A good resource to refer to is the
|
| -<a href="http://www.webaim.org/techniques/alttext/">WebAIM article on appropriate alt text</a>.
|
| -</p><h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
|
| -<p>
|
| -For an example that implements keyboard navigation and ARIA properties, see
|
| -<a href="http://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome/trunk/src/chrome/common/extensions/docs/examples/extensions/news_a11y/">examples/extensions/news_a11y</a>
|
| -(compare it to
|
| -<a href="http://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome/trunk/src/chrome/common/extensions/docs/examples/extensions/news/">examples/extensions/news</a>).
|
| -For more examples and for help in viewing the source code,
|
| -see <a href="samples.html">Samples</a>.
|
| -</p></div>
|
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| - the content of this page is licensed under the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons
|
| - Attribution 3.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the
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